Phenotypic relationship and repeatability of methane emissions and performance traits in beef cattle using a GreenFeed system

Rumen methanogenesis results in the loss of 6% to 10% of gross energy intake in cattle and globally is the single most significant source of anthropogenic methane (CH(4)) emissions. The purpose of this study was to analyze greenhouse gas traits recorded in a commercial feedlot unit to gain an understanding into the relationships between greenhouse gas traits and production traits. Methane and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) data recorded via multiple GreenFeed Emission Monitoring (GEM), systems as well as feed intake, live weight, ultrasound scanning data, and slaughter data were available on 1,099 animals destined for beef production, of which 648 were steers, 361 were heifers, and 90 were bulls. Phenotypic relationships between GEM emission measurements with feed intake, weight traits, muscle ultrasound data, and carcass traits were estimated. Utilization of GEM systems, daily patterns of methane output, and repeatability of GEM system measurements across averaging periods were also assessed. Methane concentrations varied with visit number, duration, and time of day of visit to the GEM system. Mean CH(4) and CO(2) varied between sex, with mean CH(4) of 256.1 g/day ± 64.23 for steers, 234.7 g/day ± 59.46 for heifers, and 156.9 g/day ± 55.98 for young bulls. A 10-d average period of GEM system measurements were required for steers and heifers to achieve a minimum repeatability of 0.60; however, higher levels of repeatability were observed in animals that attended the GEM system more frequently. In contrast, CO(2) emissions reached repeatability estimates >0.6 for steers and heifers in all averaging periods greater than 2-d, suggesting that cattle have a moderately consistent CO(2) emission pattern across time periods. Animals with heavier bodyweights were observed to have higher levels of CH(4) (correlation = 0.30) and CO(2) production (correlation = 0.61), and when assessing direct methane, higher levels of dry matter intake were associated with higher methane output (correlation = 0.31). Results suggest that reducing CH(4) can have a negative impact on growth and body composition of cattle. Methane ratio traits, such as methane yield and intensity were also evaluated, and while easy to understand and compare across populations, ratio traits are undesirable in animal breeding, due to the unpredictable level of response. Methane adjusted for dry matter intake and liveweight (Residual CH(4)) should be considered as an alternative emission trait when selecting for reduced emissions within breeding goals.