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Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors
Seismic velocities and elastic moduli of rocks are known to vary significantly with applied stress, which indicates that these materials exhibit nonlinear elasticity. Monochromatic waves in nonlinear elastic media are known to generate higher harmonics and combinational frequencies. Such effects hav...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9737159/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36502080 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239382 |
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author | Yurikov, Alexey Gurevich, Boris Tertyshnikov, Konstantin Lebedev, Maxim Isaenkov, Roman Sidenko, Evgenii Yavuz, Sinem Glubokovskikh, Stanislav Shulakova, Valeriya Freifeld, Barry Correa, Julia Wood, Todd J. Beresnev, Igor A. Pevzner, Roman |
author_facet | Yurikov, Alexey Gurevich, Boris Tertyshnikov, Konstantin Lebedev, Maxim Isaenkov, Roman Sidenko, Evgenii Yavuz, Sinem Glubokovskikh, Stanislav Shulakova, Valeriya Freifeld, Barry Correa, Julia Wood, Todd J. Beresnev, Igor A. Pevzner, Roman |
author_sort | Yurikov, Alexey |
collection | PubMed |
description | Seismic velocities and elastic moduli of rocks are known to vary significantly with applied stress, which indicates that these materials exhibit nonlinear elasticity. Monochromatic waves in nonlinear elastic media are known to generate higher harmonics and combinational frequencies. Such effects have the potential to be used for broadening the frequency band of seismic sources, characterization of the subsurface, and safety monitoring of civil engineering infrastructure. However, knowledge on nonlinear seismic effects is still scarce, which impedes the development of their practical applications. To explore the potential of nonlinear seismology, we performed three experiments: two in the field and one in the laboratory. The first field experiment used two vibroseis sources generating signals with two different monochromatic frequencies. The second field experiment used a surface orbital vibrator with two eccentric motors working at different frequencies. In both experiments, the generated wavefield was recorded in a borehole using a fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing cable. Both experiments showed combinational frequencies, harmonics, and other intermodulation products of the fundamental frequencies both on the surface and at depth. Laboratory experiments replicated the setup of the field test with vibroseis sources and showed similar nonlinear combinations of fundamental frequencies. Amplitudes of the nonlinear signals observed in the laboratory showed variation with the saturating fluid. These results confirm that nonlinear components of the wavefield propagate as body waves, are likely to generate within rock formations, and can be potentially used for reservoir fluid characterization. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9737159 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97371592022-12-11 Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors Yurikov, Alexey Gurevich, Boris Tertyshnikov, Konstantin Lebedev, Maxim Isaenkov, Roman Sidenko, Evgenii Yavuz, Sinem Glubokovskikh, Stanislav Shulakova, Valeriya Freifeld, Barry Correa, Julia Wood, Todd J. Beresnev, Igor A. Pevzner, Roman Sensors (Basel) Article Seismic velocities and elastic moduli of rocks are known to vary significantly with applied stress, which indicates that these materials exhibit nonlinear elasticity. Monochromatic waves in nonlinear elastic media are known to generate higher harmonics and combinational frequencies. Such effects have the potential to be used for broadening the frequency band of seismic sources, characterization of the subsurface, and safety monitoring of civil engineering infrastructure. However, knowledge on nonlinear seismic effects is still scarce, which impedes the development of their practical applications. To explore the potential of nonlinear seismology, we performed three experiments: two in the field and one in the laboratory. The first field experiment used two vibroseis sources generating signals with two different monochromatic frequencies. The second field experiment used a surface orbital vibrator with two eccentric motors working at different frequencies. In both experiments, the generated wavefield was recorded in a borehole using a fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing cable. Both experiments showed combinational frequencies, harmonics, and other intermodulation products of the fundamental frequencies both on the surface and at depth. Laboratory experiments replicated the setup of the field test with vibroseis sources and showed similar nonlinear combinations of fundamental frequencies. Amplitudes of the nonlinear signals observed in the laboratory showed variation with the saturating fluid. These results confirm that nonlinear components of the wavefield propagate as body waves, are likely to generate within rock formations, and can be potentially used for reservoir fluid characterization. MDPI 2022-12-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9737159/ /pubmed/36502080 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239382 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Yurikov, Alexey Gurevich, Boris Tertyshnikov, Konstantin Lebedev, Maxim Isaenkov, Roman Sidenko, Evgenii Yavuz, Sinem Glubokovskikh, Stanislav Shulakova, Valeriya Freifeld, Barry Correa, Julia Wood, Todd J. Beresnev, Igor A. Pevzner, Roman Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors |
title | Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors |
title_full | Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors |
title_fullStr | Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors |
title_full_unstemmed | Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors |
title_short | Evidence of Nonlinear Seismic Effects in the Earth from Downhole Distributed Acoustic Sensors |
title_sort | evidence of nonlinear seismic effects in the earth from downhole distributed acoustic sensors |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9737159/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36502080 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239382 |
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