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The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children

Obesity and overweight are defined as abnormal fat accumulations. Adipose tissue consists of more than merely adipocytes; each adipocyte is closely coupled with the extracellular matrix. Adipose tissue stores excess energy through expansion. Obesity is caused by the abnormal expansion of adipose tis...

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Autores principales: Aragón-Vela, Jerónimo, Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo, Jesús, Moreno-Racero, Aurora, Plaza-Diaz, Julio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9737554/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36499740
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315413
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author Aragón-Vela, Jerónimo
Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo, Jesús
Moreno-Racero, Aurora
Plaza-Diaz, Julio
author_facet Aragón-Vela, Jerónimo
Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo, Jesús
Moreno-Racero, Aurora
Plaza-Diaz, Julio
author_sort Aragón-Vela, Jerónimo
collection PubMed
description Obesity and overweight are defined as abnormal fat accumulations. Adipose tissue consists of more than merely adipocytes; each adipocyte is closely coupled with the extracellular matrix. Adipose tissue stores excess energy through expansion. Obesity is caused by the abnormal expansion of adipose tissue as a result of adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The process of obesity is controlled by several molecules, such as integrins, kindlins, or matrix metalloproteinases. In children with obesity, metabolomics studies have provided insight into the existence of unique metabolic profiles. As a result of low-grade inflammation in the system, abnormalities were observed in several metabolites associated with lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid pathways. In addition, obesity and related hormones, such as leptin, play an instrumental role in regulating food intake and contributing to childhood obesity. The World Health Organization states that physical activity benefits the heart, the body, and the mind. Several noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, can be prevented and managed through physical activity. In this work, we reviewed pediatric studies that examined the molecular and hormonal control of obesity and the influence of physical activity on children with obesity or overweight. The purpose of this review was to examine some orchestrators involved in this disease and how they are related to pediatric populations. A larger number of randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes and long-term studies could lead to the discovery of new key molecules as well as the detection of significant factors in the coming years. In order to improve the health of the pediatric population, omics analyses and machine learning techniques can be combined in order to improve treatment decisions.
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spelling pubmed-97375542022-12-11 The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children Aragón-Vela, Jerónimo Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo, Jesús Moreno-Racero, Aurora Plaza-Diaz, Julio Int J Mol Sci Review Obesity and overweight are defined as abnormal fat accumulations. Adipose tissue consists of more than merely adipocytes; each adipocyte is closely coupled with the extracellular matrix. Adipose tissue stores excess energy through expansion. Obesity is caused by the abnormal expansion of adipose tissue as a result of adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The process of obesity is controlled by several molecules, such as integrins, kindlins, or matrix metalloproteinases. In children with obesity, metabolomics studies have provided insight into the existence of unique metabolic profiles. As a result of low-grade inflammation in the system, abnormalities were observed in several metabolites associated with lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid pathways. In addition, obesity and related hormones, such as leptin, play an instrumental role in regulating food intake and contributing to childhood obesity. The World Health Organization states that physical activity benefits the heart, the body, and the mind. Several noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, can be prevented and managed through physical activity. In this work, we reviewed pediatric studies that examined the molecular and hormonal control of obesity and the influence of physical activity on children with obesity or overweight. The purpose of this review was to examine some orchestrators involved in this disease and how they are related to pediatric populations. A larger number of randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes and long-term studies could lead to the discovery of new key molecules as well as the detection of significant factors in the coming years. In order to improve the health of the pediatric population, omics analyses and machine learning techniques can be combined in order to improve treatment decisions. MDPI 2022-12-06 /pmc/articles/PMC9737554/ /pubmed/36499740 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315413 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Aragón-Vela, Jerónimo
Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo, Jesús
Moreno-Racero, Aurora
Plaza-Diaz, Julio
The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children
title The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children
title_full The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children
title_fullStr The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children
title_full_unstemmed The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children
title_short The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children
title_sort role of molecular and hormonal factors in obesity and the effects of physical activity in children
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9737554/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36499740
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315413
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