Complex Formation between Cytochrome c and a Tetra-alanino-calix[4]arene

Owing to their remarkable features, calix[n]arenes are being exploited to study different aspects of molecular recognition, including protein complexation. Different complexation modes have been described, depending on the moieties that complement the aromatic cavity, allowing for function regulation and/or controlled assembly of the protein target. Here, a rigid cone calix[4]arene, bearing four anionic alanine units at the upper rim, was tested as a ligand for cytochrome c. Cocrystallization attempts were unfruitful, preventing a solid-state study of the system. Next, the complex was studied using NMR spectroscopy, which revealed the presence of two binding sites at lysine residues with dissociation constants (K(d)) in the millimolar range.