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Dickkopf-3: An Update on a Potential Regulator of the Tumor Microenvironment
SIMPLE SUMMARY: Dkk-3 is a secreted protein with context-dependent functions in several types of cancer. This review focuses on the roles of Dkk-3 in the tumor microenvironment and the effects of modulating Dkk-3 in different settings. ABSTRACT: Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3) is a member of the Dickkopf family...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9738550/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36497305 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14235822 |
Sumario: | SIMPLE SUMMARY: Dkk-3 is a secreted protein with context-dependent functions in several types of cancer. This review focuses on the roles of Dkk-3 in the tumor microenvironment and the effects of modulating Dkk-3 in different settings. ABSTRACT: Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3) is a member of the Dickkopf family protein of secreted Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) antagonists that appears to modulate regulators of the host microenvironment. In contrast to the clear anti-tumorigenic effects of Dkk-3-based gene therapies, the role of endogenous Dkk-3 in cancer is context-dependent, with elevated expression associated with tumor promotion and suppression in different settings. The receptors and effectors that mediate the diverse effects of Dkk-3 have not been characterized in detail, contributing to an ongoing mystery of its mechanism of action. This review compares the various functions of Dkk-3 in the tumor microenvironment, where Dkk-3 has been found to be expressed by subpopulations of fibroblasts, endothelial, and immune cells, in addition to epithelial cells. We also discuss how the activation or inhibition of Dkk-3, depending on tumor type and context, might be used to treat different types of cancers. |
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