Cargando…
Urban Expansion Was the Main Driving Force for the Decline in Ecosystem Services in Hainan Island during 1980–2015
Hainan Island is one of China’s most ecologically diverse areas. Human activities and climate change have recently influenced Hainan Island’s ecosystem services. Therefore, scientific methods are urgently needed to investigate the characteristics of these services’ spatial and temporal variations an...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9739161/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36497740 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315665 |
_version_ | 1784847736515854336 |
---|---|
author | Geng, Jia Yuan, Mingsheng Xu, Shen Bai, Tingting Xiao, Yang Li, Xiaopeng Xu, Dong |
author_facet | Geng, Jia Yuan, Mingsheng Xu, Shen Bai, Tingting Xiao, Yang Li, Xiaopeng Xu, Dong |
author_sort | Geng, Jia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Hainan Island is one of China’s most ecologically diverse areas. Human activities and climate change have recently influenced Hainan Island’s ecosystem services. Therefore, scientific methods are urgently needed to investigate the characteristics of these services’ spatial and temporal variations and their driving mechanisms for maintaining Hainan Island’s biodiversity and high-quality ecological conservation. Based on multivariate remote sensing and reanalysis data, this study analysed the spatial and temporal variations in water retention, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and oxygen release services on Hainan Island during 1980–2015 using various ecosystem service models such as INVEST, CASA and RULSE. Then, we analysed different ecosystem service drivers using a random forest model. The results indicated that (1) from 1980 to 2015, the change characteristics of different ecosystem types (arable, forest, and grassland) decreased, and the proportion of decrease was 0.98%, 0.55% and 0.36%, respectively. Built-up and water increased significantly, and the proportion of increase reached 1.46% and 0.51%, respectively. (2) Hainan Island’s functions of water retention, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and oxygen release services decreased from 23.31 billion m3, 2.89 billion t, 9.68 million t and 56.05 million t in 1980 to 23.15 billion m3, 2.79 billion t, 9.42 million t and 55.53 million t in 2015, respectively. The high value area was mainly distributed in Hainan Island’s central mountainous area, and the low value area was mainly distributed in the lower-elevation coastal area. (3) In the past 35 years, urban expansion has been the leading factor in the reduction of Hainan Island’s ecosystem service capacity. However, its central nature reserve and other forms of ecological protection have improved its ecosystem service capacity, which has alleviated the overall declining trend of its amount of ecosystem service functions. (4) The driving forces for the spatial distribution of Hainan Island’s ecosystem services were analysed using a random forest algorithm, which indicated that its spatial distribution was mainly driven by rainfall, soil moisture, actual evapotranspiration, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature. This study is expected to help planners develop effective environmental policies to accommodate the potential ecological risks associated with urban expansion during the construction of Hainan Island’s future free trade port while filling the gaps in existing studies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9739161 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97391612022-12-11 Urban Expansion Was the Main Driving Force for the Decline in Ecosystem Services in Hainan Island during 1980–2015 Geng, Jia Yuan, Mingsheng Xu, Shen Bai, Tingting Xiao, Yang Li, Xiaopeng Xu, Dong Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Hainan Island is one of China’s most ecologically diverse areas. Human activities and climate change have recently influenced Hainan Island’s ecosystem services. Therefore, scientific methods are urgently needed to investigate the characteristics of these services’ spatial and temporal variations and their driving mechanisms for maintaining Hainan Island’s biodiversity and high-quality ecological conservation. Based on multivariate remote sensing and reanalysis data, this study analysed the spatial and temporal variations in water retention, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and oxygen release services on Hainan Island during 1980–2015 using various ecosystem service models such as INVEST, CASA and RULSE. Then, we analysed different ecosystem service drivers using a random forest model. The results indicated that (1) from 1980 to 2015, the change characteristics of different ecosystem types (arable, forest, and grassland) decreased, and the proportion of decrease was 0.98%, 0.55% and 0.36%, respectively. Built-up and water increased significantly, and the proportion of increase reached 1.46% and 0.51%, respectively. (2) Hainan Island’s functions of water retention, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and oxygen release services decreased from 23.31 billion m3, 2.89 billion t, 9.68 million t and 56.05 million t in 1980 to 23.15 billion m3, 2.79 billion t, 9.42 million t and 55.53 million t in 2015, respectively. The high value area was mainly distributed in Hainan Island’s central mountainous area, and the low value area was mainly distributed in the lower-elevation coastal area. (3) In the past 35 years, urban expansion has been the leading factor in the reduction of Hainan Island’s ecosystem service capacity. However, its central nature reserve and other forms of ecological protection have improved its ecosystem service capacity, which has alleviated the overall declining trend of its amount of ecosystem service functions. (4) The driving forces for the spatial distribution of Hainan Island’s ecosystem services were analysed using a random forest algorithm, which indicated that its spatial distribution was mainly driven by rainfall, soil moisture, actual evapotranspiration, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature. This study is expected to help planners develop effective environmental policies to accommodate the potential ecological risks associated with urban expansion during the construction of Hainan Island’s future free trade port while filling the gaps in existing studies. MDPI 2022-11-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9739161/ /pubmed/36497740 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315665 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Geng, Jia Yuan, Mingsheng Xu, Shen Bai, Tingting Xiao, Yang Li, Xiaopeng Xu, Dong Urban Expansion Was the Main Driving Force for the Decline in Ecosystem Services in Hainan Island during 1980–2015 |
title | Urban Expansion Was the Main Driving Force for the Decline in Ecosystem Services in Hainan Island during 1980–2015 |
title_full | Urban Expansion Was the Main Driving Force for the Decline in Ecosystem Services in Hainan Island during 1980–2015 |
title_fullStr | Urban Expansion Was the Main Driving Force for the Decline in Ecosystem Services in Hainan Island during 1980–2015 |
title_full_unstemmed | Urban Expansion Was the Main Driving Force for the Decline in Ecosystem Services in Hainan Island during 1980–2015 |
title_short | Urban Expansion Was the Main Driving Force for the Decline in Ecosystem Services in Hainan Island during 1980–2015 |
title_sort | urban expansion was the main driving force for the decline in ecosystem services in hainan island during 1980–2015 |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9739161/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36497740 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315665 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT gengjia urbanexpansionwasthemaindrivingforceforthedeclineinecosystemservicesinhainanislandduring19802015 AT yuanmingsheng urbanexpansionwasthemaindrivingforceforthedeclineinecosystemservicesinhainanislandduring19802015 AT xushen urbanexpansionwasthemaindrivingforceforthedeclineinecosystemservicesinhainanislandduring19802015 AT baitingting urbanexpansionwasthemaindrivingforceforthedeclineinecosystemservicesinhainanislandduring19802015 AT xiaoyang urbanexpansionwasthemaindrivingforceforthedeclineinecosystemservicesinhainanislandduring19802015 AT lixiaopeng urbanexpansionwasthemaindrivingforceforthedeclineinecosystemservicesinhainanislandduring19802015 AT xudong urbanexpansionwasthemaindrivingforceforthedeclineinecosystemservicesinhainanislandduring19802015 |