Nanocomposites of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Oxide and Manganese Oxide for Photodynamic Therapy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional methods of cancer treatment, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are associated with multiple side effects. Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an effective therapeutic modality for cancer treatment without adversely affecting normal tissue. In this study, we synthesized nitrogen doped graphene (NDG) and conjugated it with Mn(3)O(4) nanoparticles to produce NDG-Mn(3)O(4) nanocomposite with the aim of testing its bimodal performance including PDT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We did not use any linker or binder for conjugation between NDG and Mn(3)O(4), rather they were anchored by a milling process. The results of cell viability analysis showed that NDG-Mn(3)O(4) nanocomposites caused significant cell death under laser irradiation, while control and Mn(3)O(4) nanoparticles showed negligible cell death. We observed increased generation of singlet oxygen after exposure of NDG-Mn(3)O(4) nanocomposites, which was directly proportional to the duration of laser irradiation. The results of MRI showed concentration dependent enhancement of signal intensity with an increasing concentration of NDG-Mn(3)O(4) nanocomposites. In conclusion, NDG-Mn(3)O(4) nanocomposites did not cause any cytotoxicity under physiological conditions. However, they produced significant and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in cancer cells after laser irradiation. NDG-Mn(3)O(4) nanocomposites also exhibited concentration-dependent MRI contrast property, suggesting their possible application for cancer imaging. Further studies are warranted to test the theranostic potential of NDG-Mn(3)O(4) nanocomposites using animal models of cancer.