miR-145-5p Targets Sp1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells and Links to BMI1 Induced Pemetrexed Resistance and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

Pemetrexed is a folic acid inhibitor used as a second-line chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for 85% of lung cancers. However, prolonged treatment with pemetrexed may cause cancer cells to develop resistance. In this study, we found increased expressions of BMI1 (B Lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog) and Sp1 and a decreased expression of miR-145-5p was found in pemetrexed-resistant A400 cells than in A549 cells. Direct Sp1 targeting activity of miR-145-5p was demonstrated by a luciferase based Sp1 3′-UTR reporter. Changed expression of miR-145-5p in A400 or A549 cells by transfection of miR-145-5p mimic or inhibitor affected the sensitivity of the cells to pemetrexed. On the other hand, the overexpression of Sp1 in A549 cells caused the decreased sensitivity to pemetrexed, induced cell migratory capability, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) related transcription factors such as Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 1 and Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1. In addition, the overexpression of BMI1 in the A549 cells resulted in an increase in Sp1 and a decrease in miR-145-5p accompanied by the elevations of cell proliferation and EMT transcription factors, which could be reduced by the overexpression of miR-145-5p or by treatment with the Sp1 inhibitor of mithramycin A. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the downregulation of miR-145-5p by BMI1 overexpression could lead to the enhanced expression of Sp1 to induce the EMT process in pemetrexed-resistant NSCLC cells. These results suggest that increasing miR-145-5p expression by delivering RNA drugs may serve as a sensitizing agent for pemetrexed-resistant NSCLC patients.