Use of Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.) in Paddy-Scale Bioassays for Assessing Potential Use of Mining-Influenced Water for Irrigation

As surface water resources become more intensely used, and occasionally non-useable, consideration of non-conventional water resources for anthropogenic use has become more prevalent. Potentially critical non-conventional water sources include flooded mine-pit lakes. However, water in these lakes can contain potentially problematic concentrations of contaminants of concern. We evaluated the potential use of elevated sulphate (SO(4)) mining-influenced waters with low to non-detect metals concentrations for irrigation of wild rice (Zizania palustris L.; WR), a culturally and economically important species. Two flow-through in-situ paddies were developed adjacent to two mine-pit lakes with differing chemical water characteristics; specifically, Pit A contained ≈350 mg SO4 L(−1) and Pit C contained ≈1350 mg SO4 L(−1). Throughout the course of multiple consecutive growing seasons, no adverse WR responses to these mining-influenced water exposures were observed. Based on data and observations from this study, potential use of mining-influenced waters containing elevated SO(4) as the primary contaminant for appropriate irrigation purposes is supported. However, site-specific conditions and potential environmental risks must be considered prior to use of mining-influenced waters for anthropogenic applications. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10230-022-00908-0.