Identifying biomarkers of ventilator induced lung injury during one-lung ventilation surgery: a scoping review

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) can occur as a result of mechanical ventilation to two lungs. Thoracic surgery often requires one-lung ventilation (OLV). The potential for VILI is likely higher in OLV. The impact of OLV on development of post-operative pulmonary complications is not well understood. We aimed to perform a scoping review to determine reliable biomarkers of VILI after OLV. METHODS: A scoping review was performed using Cochrane Collaboration methodology. We searched Medline, EMBASE and SCOPUS. Gray literature was searched. Studies of adult human or animal models without pre-existing lung damage exposed to OLV, with biomarker responses analyzed were included. RESULTS: After screening 5,613 eligible papers, 89 papers were chosen for full text review, with 29 meeting inclusion. Approximately half (52%, n=15) of studies were conducted in humans in an intra-operative setting. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) & serum analyses with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based assays were most commonly used. The majority of analytes were investigated by a single study. Of the analytes that were investigated by two or more studies (n=31), only 16 were concordant in their findings. Across all sample types and studies 84% (n=66) of the 79 inflammatory markers and 75% (n=6) of the 8 anti-inflammatory markers tested were found to increase. Half (48%) of all studies showed an increase in TNF-α or IL-6. CONCLUSIONS: A scoping review of the state of the evidence demonstrated that candidate biomarkers with the most evidence and greatest reliability are general markers of inflammation, such as IL-6 and TNF-α assessed using ELISA assays. Studies were limited in the number of biomarkers measured concurrently, sample size, and studies using human participants. In conclusion these identified markers can potentially serve as outcome measures for studies on OLV.