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Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries
Increases of health care expenditures (HCEs) challenge the financial capacity of governments and bring into question the quality of health care services in each country. It is known that modifiable risk factors (e.g. alcohol consumption) and certain environmental variables allow HCEs to be modeled w...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9747641/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36531102 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102036 |
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author | Escolà-Gascón, Álex Micó-Sanz, Josep Lluís Casero-Ripollés, Andreu |
author_facet | Escolà-Gascón, Álex Micó-Sanz, Josep Lluís Casero-Ripollés, Andreu |
author_sort | Escolà-Gascón, Álex |
collection | PubMed |
description | Increases of health care expenditures (HCEs) challenge the financial capacity of governments and bring into question the quality of health care services in each country. It is known that modifiable risk factors (e.g. alcohol consumption) and certain environmental variables allow HCEs to be modeled without impairing the quality of healthcare services. We provide a worldwide statistical analysis of how HCEs can be reduced and with what statistical power/probability. The design was retrospective and was based on linear and nonlinear multiple regression models. The HCEs, alcohol consumption, renewable energy consumption, suicide rate, economic reversal of the environmental damage caused by CO(2) emissions (ERCDE) and sales-focused jobs (SJs) were measured. The type of government and the most searched Twitter worldwide topics were also analyzed. A total of 154 countries (n) participated. Reducing alcohol consumption, SJs and ERCDE predicts linear reductions of 33.1% of HCEs. Annual alcohol consumption between 4 and 5 L per person was found to have no negative impact on HCEs. Beyond this tipping point, alcohol consumption did predict significant increases in HCEs. It was also found that renewable energy consumption exponentially explained 35.2% of the reductions in HCEs. HCEs can be reduced in each country by controlling the consumption of renewable energies, the ERCDE, and the SJs. Specifically, by controlling alcohol consumption, SJs, and ERCDE the economic reduction in HCEs could be reduced annually by as much as $228.466 per person. We offer tipping points that governments can use to make effective health policy decisions that include sustainable development goals. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9747641 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97476412022-12-15 Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries Escolà-Gascón, Álex Micó-Sanz, Josep Lluís Casero-Ripollés, Andreu Prev Med Rep Regular Article Increases of health care expenditures (HCEs) challenge the financial capacity of governments and bring into question the quality of health care services in each country. It is known that modifiable risk factors (e.g. alcohol consumption) and certain environmental variables allow HCEs to be modeled without impairing the quality of healthcare services. We provide a worldwide statistical analysis of how HCEs can be reduced and with what statistical power/probability. The design was retrospective and was based on linear and nonlinear multiple regression models. The HCEs, alcohol consumption, renewable energy consumption, suicide rate, economic reversal of the environmental damage caused by CO(2) emissions (ERCDE) and sales-focused jobs (SJs) were measured. The type of government and the most searched Twitter worldwide topics were also analyzed. A total of 154 countries (n) participated. Reducing alcohol consumption, SJs and ERCDE predicts linear reductions of 33.1% of HCEs. Annual alcohol consumption between 4 and 5 L per person was found to have no negative impact on HCEs. Beyond this tipping point, alcohol consumption did predict significant increases in HCEs. It was also found that renewable energy consumption exponentially explained 35.2% of the reductions in HCEs. HCEs can be reduced in each country by controlling the consumption of renewable energies, the ERCDE, and the SJs. Specifically, by controlling alcohol consumption, SJs, and ERCDE the economic reduction in HCEs could be reduced annually by as much as $228.466 per person. We offer tipping points that governments can use to make effective health policy decisions that include sustainable development goals. 2022-10-28 /pmc/articles/PMC9747641/ /pubmed/36531102 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102036 Text en © 2022 The Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Regular Article Escolà-Gascón, Álex Micó-Sanz, Josep Lluís Casero-Ripollés, Andreu Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries |
title | Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries |
title_full | Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries |
title_fullStr | Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries |
title_full_unstemmed | Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries |
title_short | Global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries |
title_sort | global evidence of environmental and lifestyle effects on medical expenditures across 154 countries |
topic | Regular Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9747641/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36531102 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102036 |
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