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Calcium as an innovative and effective catalyst for the synthesis of graphene-like materials from cellulose

Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (hard carbon) produces poorly graphitic biochar. In this study, nano-structured biochars were produced from microcrystalline cellulose using calcium as a non-conventional catalyst. Calcium is abundant, environmental-friendly and widely accessible. Graphitization...

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Autores principales: Béguerie, Théotime, Weiss-Hortala, Elsa, Nzihou, Ange
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9747789/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36513722
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25943-3
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author Béguerie, Théotime
Weiss-Hortala, Elsa
Nzihou, Ange
author_facet Béguerie, Théotime
Weiss-Hortala, Elsa
Nzihou, Ange
author_sort Béguerie, Théotime
collection PubMed
description Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (hard carbon) produces poorly graphitic biochar. In this study, nano-structured biochars were produced from microcrystalline cellulose using calcium as a non-conventional catalyst. Calcium is abundant, environmental-friendly and widely accessible. Graphitization of calcium-impregnated cellulose was carried out at 1800 °C, a temperature below 2000 °C where the graphitization usually occurs. XRD, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution TEM together with the in-house numerical tool developed enable the quantification of the graphene fringes in the biochars. The non-impregnated cellulose biochar was composed of short and poorly stacked graphene fringes. The impregnation with 2 wt.% of calcium led to the conversion of the initial structure into a well-organized and less defective graphene-like one. The graphene-like structures obtained were composed of tens of stacked graphene fringes with a crystallite size up to 20 nm and an average interlayer spacing equal to 0.345 nm, close to the reference value of standard hexagonal graphite (0.3354 nm). The increase of the calcium concentration did not significantly improve the crystallite sizes of the graphene-like materials but rather drastically improved their rate. Our results propose a mechanism and provide new insights on the synthesis of graphene-like materials from bio-feedstocks using calcium where the literature is focused on transition metals such as iron and nickel among others. The decrease of the graphitization temperature below 2000 °C should lower the production cost as well as the environmental impact of the thermal graphene-like materials synthesis using biomass. This finding should stimulate further research in the field and broaden the application perspectives.
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spelling pubmed-97477892022-12-15 Calcium as an innovative and effective catalyst for the synthesis of graphene-like materials from cellulose Béguerie, Théotime Weiss-Hortala, Elsa Nzihou, Ange Sci Rep Article Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (hard carbon) produces poorly graphitic biochar. In this study, nano-structured biochars were produced from microcrystalline cellulose using calcium as a non-conventional catalyst. Calcium is abundant, environmental-friendly and widely accessible. Graphitization of calcium-impregnated cellulose was carried out at 1800 °C, a temperature below 2000 °C where the graphitization usually occurs. XRD, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution TEM together with the in-house numerical tool developed enable the quantification of the graphene fringes in the biochars. The non-impregnated cellulose biochar was composed of short and poorly stacked graphene fringes. The impregnation with 2 wt.% of calcium led to the conversion of the initial structure into a well-organized and less defective graphene-like one. The graphene-like structures obtained were composed of tens of stacked graphene fringes with a crystallite size up to 20 nm and an average interlayer spacing equal to 0.345 nm, close to the reference value of standard hexagonal graphite (0.3354 nm). The increase of the calcium concentration did not significantly improve the crystallite sizes of the graphene-like materials but rather drastically improved their rate. Our results propose a mechanism and provide new insights on the synthesis of graphene-like materials from bio-feedstocks using calcium where the literature is focused on transition metals such as iron and nickel among others. The decrease of the graphitization temperature below 2000 °C should lower the production cost as well as the environmental impact of the thermal graphene-like materials synthesis using biomass. This finding should stimulate further research in the field and broaden the application perspectives. Nature Publishing Group UK 2022-12-13 /pmc/articles/PMC9747789/ /pubmed/36513722 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25943-3 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Béguerie, Théotime
Weiss-Hortala, Elsa
Nzihou, Ange
Calcium as an innovative and effective catalyst for the synthesis of graphene-like materials from cellulose
title Calcium as an innovative and effective catalyst for the synthesis of graphene-like materials from cellulose
title_full Calcium as an innovative and effective catalyst for the synthesis of graphene-like materials from cellulose
title_fullStr Calcium as an innovative and effective catalyst for the synthesis of graphene-like materials from cellulose
title_full_unstemmed Calcium as an innovative and effective catalyst for the synthesis of graphene-like materials from cellulose
title_short Calcium as an innovative and effective catalyst for the synthesis of graphene-like materials from cellulose
title_sort calcium as an innovative and effective catalyst for the synthesis of graphene-like materials from cellulose
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9747789/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36513722
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25943-3
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