Synovectomy in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A systematic review

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an inflammatory arthropathy with onset in children younger than 16 years. Treatment is primarily medical; however, surgical interventions, such as arthroscopic or open synovectomy, can be beneficial. Many studies have investigated synovectomy in JIA, but the results of these studies have not been synthesized to our knowledge. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the literature reporting synovectomy as a treatment for JIA to provide clinical recommendations regarding its risks and benefits. METHODS: On March 8, 2022, we searched the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies evaluating clinical outcomes of open or arthroscopic synovectomy to treat JIA in patients younger than 18 years. We included only studies published in English and excluded studies of synovectomy to treat other arthropathies, septic arthritis, hemophilia, or foreign body arthropathy. The level of evidence for included studies was determined by using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. We qualitatively analyzed clinical outcomes data, including patient-reported pain relief, rates of symptom recurrence, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Of 428 articles assessed, 14 were included in our analysis. One was a randomized trial, 1 was a case-control study, and all others were case-series. Studies consistently reported that synovectomy was associated with improved function and decreased pain postoperatively. However, comparisons with modern medical therapy were lacking. Rates of arthritis recurrence varied, with increasing symptom recurrence with longer follow-up and re-synovectomy rates up to 15%. Oligoarticular disease and early disease course were associated with better response to synovectomy, whereas systemic and polyarticular disease were associated with poor response. Stiffness requiring manipulation under anesthesia was the most common complication (4% of all included patients). CONCLUSION: Although synovectomy is associated with positive functional outcomes and pain reduction postoperatively, there was inadequate comparison thus inadequate evidence to recommend it over modern medical therapy. The current literature suggests that synovectomy should be offered only to patients for whom medical management has failed, while noting the risks of decreased range of motion and symptom recurrence over time.