A 6-year-old child with a new diagnosis of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection

Perinatal human immunodeficiency virus transmission, while rare in the United States, should be considered in children with a history of recurrent infections, chronic respiratory symptoms and developmental delay. A delayed diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus in children can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. We present a 6-year-old male who presented for evaluation and management of antibiotic refractory chronic cough and purulent nasal secretions, with a history of recurrent bacterial pneumonias and sinus infections, disseminated varicella zoster, and global developmental delay. He likely had perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus. At the time of his human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis, he met the criteria for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and was ultimately diagnosed with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP). Our case illustrates the importance of universal human immunodeficiency virus screening of pregnant women, consideration of human immunodeficiency virus, and the prompt initiation of treatment. We believe this case serves as an important reminder for all medical providers who care for pregnant women and children.