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Biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against kiwifruit soft rot pathogens revealed by whole-genome sequencing and biochemical characterisation
Soft rot causes significant economic losses in the kiwifruit industry. This study isolated strain CTXW 7-6-2 from healthy kiwifruit tissue; this was a gram-positive bacterium that produced the red pigment pulcherrimin. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S ribosomal RNA, gyrA, rpoB, and purH gene seque...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9751376/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36532498 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069109 |
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author | Chen, Tingting Zhang, Zhuzhu Li, Wenzhi Chen, Jia Chen, Xuetang Wang, Bince Ma, Jiling Dai, Yunyun Ding, Haixia Wang, Weizhen Long, Youhua |
author_facet | Chen, Tingting Zhang, Zhuzhu Li, Wenzhi Chen, Jia Chen, Xuetang Wang, Bince Ma, Jiling Dai, Yunyun Ding, Haixia Wang, Weizhen Long, Youhua |
author_sort | Chen, Tingting |
collection | PubMed |
description | Soft rot causes significant economic losses in the kiwifruit industry. This study isolated strain CTXW 7-6-2 from healthy kiwifruit tissue; this was a gram-positive bacterium that produced the red pigment pulcherrimin. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S ribosomal RNA, gyrA, rpoB, and purH gene sequences identified CTXW 7-6-2 as a strain of Bacillus subtilis. CTXW 7-6-2 inhibited hyphal growth of pathogenic fungi that cause kiwifruit soft rot, namely, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Phomopsis sp., and Alternaria alternata, by 81.76, 69.80, and 32.03%, respectively. CTXW 7-6-2 caused the hyphal surface to become swollen and deformed. Volatile compounds (VOC) produced by the strain inhibited the growth of A. alternata and Phomopsis sp. by 65.74 and 54.78%, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that CTXW 7-6-2 possessed a single circular chromosome of 4,221,676 bp that contained 4,428 protein-coding genes, with a guanine and cytosine (GC) content of 43.41%. Gene functions were annotated using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant protein, Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins, Gene Ontology, Pathogen–Host Interactions, Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes, and Rapid Annotations using Subsystem Technology databases, revealing non-ribosomal pathways associated with antifungal mechanisms, biofilm formation, chemotactic motility, VOC 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, cell wall-associated enzymes, and synthesis of various secondary metabolites. antiSMASH analysis predicted that CTXW 7-6-2 can produce the active substances bacillaene, bacillibactin, subtilosin A, bacilysin, and luminmide and has four gene clusters of unknown function. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis verified that yvmC and cypX, key genes involved in the production of pulcherrimin, were highly expressed in CTXW 7-6-2. This study elucidates the mechanism by which B. subtilis strain CTXW 7-6-2 inhibits pathogenic fungi that cause kiwifruit soft rot, suggesting the benefit of further studying its antifungal active substances. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9751376 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97513762022-12-16 Biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against kiwifruit soft rot pathogens revealed by whole-genome sequencing and biochemical characterisation Chen, Tingting Zhang, Zhuzhu Li, Wenzhi Chen, Jia Chen, Xuetang Wang, Bince Ma, Jiling Dai, Yunyun Ding, Haixia Wang, Weizhen Long, Youhua Front Microbiol Microbiology Soft rot causes significant economic losses in the kiwifruit industry. This study isolated strain CTXW 7-6-2 from healthy kiwifruit tissue; this was a gram-positive bacterium that produced the red pigment pulcherrimin. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S ribosomal RNA, gyrA, rpoB, and purH gene sequences identified CTXW 7-6-2 as a strain of Bacillus subtilis. CTXW 7-6-2 inhibited hyphal growth of pathogenic fungi that cause kiwifruit soft rot, namely, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Phomopsis sp., and Alternaria alternata, by 81.76, 69.80, and 32.03%, respectively. CTXW 7-6-2 caused the hyphal surface to become swollen and deformed. Volatile compounds (VOC) produced by the strain inhibited the growth of A. alternata and Phomopsis sp. by 65.74 and 54.78%, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that CTXW 7-6-2 possessed a single circular chromosome of 4,221,676 bp that contained 4,428 protein-coding genes, with a guanine and cytosine (GC) content of 43.41%. Gene functions were annotated using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant protein, Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins, Gene Ontology, Pathogen–Host Interactions, Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes, and Rapid Annotations using Subsystem Technology databases, revealing non-ribosomal pathways associated with antifungal mechanisms, biofilm formation, chemotactic motility, VOC 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, cell wall-associated enzymes, and synthesis of various secondary metabolites. antiSMASH analysis predicted that CTXW 7-6-2 can produce the active substances bacillaene, bacillibactin, subtilosin A, bacilysin, and luminmide and has four gene clusters of unknown function. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis verified that yvmC and cypX, key genes involved in the production of pulcherrimin, were highly expressed in CTXW 7-6-2. This study elucidates the mechanism by which B. subtilis strain CTXW 7-6-2 inhibits pathogenic fungi that cause kiwifruit soft rot, suggesting the benefit of further studying its antifungal active substances. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-12-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9751376/ /pubmed/36532498 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069109 Text en Copyright © 2022 Chen, Zhang, Li, Chen, Chen, Wang, Ma, Dai, Ding, Wang and Long. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Chen, Tingting Zhang, Zhuzhu Li, Wenzhi Chen, Jia Chen, Xuetang Wang, Bince Ma, Jiling Dai, Yunyun Ding, Haixia Wang, Weizhen Long, Youhua Biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against kiwifruit soft rot pathogens revealed by whole-genome sequencing and biochemical characterisation |
title | Biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against kiwifruit soft rot pathogens revealed by whole-genome sequencing and biochemical characterisation |
title_full | Biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against kiwifruit soft rot pathogens revealed by whole-genome sequencing and biochemical characterisation |
title_fullStr | Biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against kiwifruit soft rot pathogens revealed by whole-genome sequencing and biochemical characterisation |
title_full_unstemmed | Biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against kiwifruit soft rot pathogens revealed by whole-genome sequencing and biochemical characterisation |
title_short | Biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis CTXW 7-6-2 against kiwifruit soft rot pathogens revealed by whole-genome sequencing and biochemical characterisation |
title_sort | biocontrol potential of bacillus subtilis ctxw 7-6-2 against kiwifruit soft rot pathogens revealed by whole-genome sequencing and biochemical characterisation |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9751376/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36532498 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069109 |
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