COVID-19 suppression of human mobility releases mountain lions from a landscape of fear

Humans have outsized effects on ecosystems, in part by initiating trophic cascades that impact all levels of the food chain.(1)(,)(2) Theory suggests that disease outbreaks can reverse these impacts by modifying human behavior,(3)(,)(4) but this has not yet been tested. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a natural experiment to test whether a virus could subordinate humans to an intermediate link in the trophic chain, releasing a top carnivore from a landscape of fear. Shelter-in-place orders in the Bay Area of California led to a 50% decline in human mobility, which resulted in a relaxation of mountain lion aversion to urban areas. Rapid changes in human mobility thus appear to act quickly on food web functions, suggesting an important pathway by which emerging infectious diseases will impact not only human health but ecosystems as well.