Concurrence of multiple aneurysms, extreme coiling of the extracranial internal carotid artery and ipsilateral persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND: The primitive hypoglossal artery (PHA) is an anastomotic vessel of the carotid-basilar artery system that is prevalent only transiently during the embryonic period. Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) is a rare vessel variation in which PHA exists persistently in adulthood and occurs in approximately 0.02–0.1% of the population. Tortuosity of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) is relatively common, impacting 10–43% of the population, and is caused by either congenital or acquired factors. It is still unknown whether PPHA and tortuosity of extracranial ICA are associated. Here, we present a case report of the concurrence of three types of pathologies of the carotid artery: extreme coiling of the extracranial internal carotid artery, multiple aneurysms and persistent primitive hypoglossal artery. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 66-year-old woman suffered intermittent headaches, dizziness and numbness of the right eyelid for 5 years. Magnetic resonance angiography performed in a local hospital reported an aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery segment of the left ICA and a left PPHA. Digital subtraction angiography conducted after admission showed a PPHA originating from the left cervical ICA and an extremely coiling segment of the ICA distal to the beginning of PPHA. Except for the aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery segment of the left ICA, multiple aneurysms were found at the coiling segment of the ICA. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PPHA accompanied by an adjacent, extremely coiling ICA. There are no reports of similar tortuous ICAs to this extent or at this position. Including aneurysms, three types of pathologies suggest their congenital origin, and a review of the literature infers the probable association of these lesions.