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Celebration of a century of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes
Insulin is the key anabolic hormone of metabolism, with clear effects on glycaemia. Near-complete insulin deficiency occurs in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the predominant form affecting children, and uniformly fatal until the discovery of insulin. By the early 20th century, it was known that T1D was caus...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9763182/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35725290 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-323975 |
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author | Rogol, Alan D Laffel, Lori M Bode, Bruce Sperling, Mark A |
author_facet | Rogol, Alan D Laffel, Lori M Bode, Bruce Sperling, Mark A |
author_sort | Rogol, Alan D |
collection | PubMed |
description | Insulin is the key anabolic hormone of metabolism, with clear effects on glycaemia. Near-complete insulin deficiency occurs in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the predominant form affecting children, and uniformly fatal until the discovery of insulin. By the early 20th century, it was known that T1D was caused by the lack of a factor from pancreatic islets, but isolation of this substance proved elusive. In 1921, an unusual team in Toronto comprising a surgeon, a medical student, a physiologist and a biochemist successfully isolated a glucose-lowering pancreatic endocrine secretion. They treated an emaciated 14-year-old boy in 1922, restoring his health and allowing him to live for another 13 years. Thus began an era of remarkable progress and partnership between academia and the pharmaceutical industry to produce drugs that benefit sick people. The Toronto team received the 1923 Nobel Prize, and more Nobel Prizes for work with insulin followed: for elucidation of its amino acid sequence and crystalline structure, and for its role in the development of radioimmunoassays to measure circulating hormone concentrations. Human insulin was the first hormone synthesised by recombinant methods, permitting modifications to enable improved absorption rates and alterations in duration of action. Coupled with delivery via insulin pens, programmable pumps and continuous glucose monitors, metabolic control and quality of life vastly improved and T1D in children was converted from uniformly fatal to a manageable chronic condition. We describe this remarkable ongoing story as insulin remains a paradigm for human ingenuity to heal nature’s maladies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9763182 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97631822022-12-21 Celebration of a century of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes Rogol, Alan D Laffel, Lori M Bode, Bruce Sperling, Mark A Arch Dis Child Review Insulin is the key anabolic hormone of metabolism, with clear effects on glycaemia. Near-complete insulin deficiency occurs in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the predominant form affecting children, and uniformly fatal until the discovery of insulin. By the early 20th century, it was known that T1D was caused by the lack of a factor from pancreatic islets, but isolation of this substance proved elusive. In 1921, an unusual team in Toronto comprising a surgeon, a medical student, a physiologist and a biochemist successfully isolated a glucose-lowering pancreatic endocrine secretion. They treated an emaciated 14-year-old boy in 1922, restoring his health and allowing him to live for another 13 years. Thus began an era of remarkable progress and partnership between academia and the pharmaceutical industry to produce drugs that benefit sick people. The Toronto team received the 1923 Nobel Prize, and more Nobel Prizes for work with insulin followed: for elucidation of its amino acid sequence and crystalline structure, and for its role in the development of radioimmunoassays to measure circulating hormone concentrations. Human insulin was the first hormone synthesised by recombinant methods, permitting modifications to enable improved absorption rates and alterations in duration of action. Coupled with delivery via insulin pens, programmable pumps and continuous glucose monitors, metabolic control and quality of life vastly improved and T1D in children was converted from uniformly fatal to a manageable chronic condition. We describe this remarkable ongoing story as insulin remains a paradigm for human ingenuity to heal nature’s maladies. BMJ Publishing Group 2023-01 2022-06-20 /pmc/articles/PMC9763182/ /pubmed/35725290 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-323975 Text en © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Review Rogol, Alan D Laffel, Lori M Bode, Bruce Sperling, Mark A Celebration of a century of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes |
title | Celebration of a century of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes |
title_full | Celebration of a century of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes |
title_fullStr | Celebration of a century of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes |
title_full_unstemmed | Celebration of a century of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes |
title_short | Celebration of a century of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes |
title_sort | celebration of a century of insulin therapy in children with type 1 diabetes |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9763182/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35725290 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-323975 |
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