The Hierarchical Sequence Requirements of the H1 Subtype-Specific Noncoding Regions of Influenza A Virus

The genome of influenza A virus consists of eight single-stranded viral RNA (vRNA) segments. The nonconserved noncoding regions (NCRs) at the 3′ and 5′ termini of each segment show extremely low divergence and mutation rate. They appear as segment specific among the eight segments and also subtype specific among different subtype-determinant hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments. In order to acquire in-depth knowledge on the sequence requirements of the segment-specific or subtype-specific NCRs (ssNCRs), we, in the context of WSN (H1N1) reverse genetics, designed a virus random nucleotide selection assay (vRNSA) in which we generated pHW2000-HA plasmid libraries with random nucleotides in each grouped nucleotide positions in the 3′ and 5′ H1-ssNCRs, followed by virus rescue, serial passage, and deep sequencing. The resulting sequence logos present a visualized dynamic overview of the hierarchical sequence requirements of the 3′ and 5′ H1-ssNCRs. It showed that, in the process of continuous passage, the 3′ H1-ssNCR, in general, stabilized more quickly than the 5′ H1-ssNCR. The nucleotides close to the highly conserved 3′ and 5′ promoter regions showed higher sequence stringency than nucleotides away from the promoter regions. All stabilized sequences displayed a common feature of high A/U ratios. Especially with our mutational function analyses, we demonstrate that the 3′ promoter-proximal nucleotides could cooperatively exert a direct effect on the transcription and replication of the HA segment. Together, these results provide in-depth knowledge for understanding the NCRs of influenza A virus. IMPORTANCE The segment-specific and subtype-specific nonconserved noncoding regions (ssNCRs) at both 3′ and 5′ ends of viral RNA segments of influenza A virus are largely conserved among the same segments of different viruses. However, the function-related sequence requirements of these ssNCRs remain unclear. In this study, through a novel self-designed vRNSA approach, we present a visualized dynamic overview diagram directly reflecting the hierarchical sequence requirements within and between the 3′ and 5′ H1-ssNCRs. The in-depth functional mutagenesis analyses further revealed that specific nucleotides in the 3′ promoter-proximal region could cooperatively exert a direct effect on viral RNA transcription and replication. This work further advanced our knowledge in understanding the nonconserved noncoding regions of influenza A viruses.