The Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Fts2 Represses the Yeast-to-Filament Transition in the Dimorphic Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

The yeast-to-filament transition is an important cellular response to environmental stimulations in dimorphic fungi. In addition to activators, there are repressors in the cells to prevent filament formation, which is important to keep the cells in the yeast form when filamentation is not necessary. However, very few repressors of filamentation are known so far. Here, we identify a novel repressor of filamentation in the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, Fts2, which is a C(2)H(2)-type zinc finger transcription factor. We show that fts2Δ cells exhibited increased filamentation under mild filament-inducing conditions and formed filaments under non-filament-inducing conditions. We also show that Fts2 interacts with YlSsn6, component of the Tup1-Ssn6 transcriptional corepressor, and Fts2-LexA represses a lexAop-P(YlACT1)-lacZ reporter in a Tup1-Ssn6-dependent manner, suggesting that Fts2 has transcriptional repressor activity and represses gene expression via Tup1-Ssn6. In addition, we show that Fts2 represses a large number of cell wall protein genes and transcription factor genes, some of which are implicated in the filamentation response. Interestingly, about two-thirds of Fts2-repressed genes are also repressed by Tup1-Ssn6, suggesting that Fts2 may repress the bulk of its target genes via Tup1-Ssn6. Lastly, we show that Fts2 expression is downregulated in response to alkaline pH and the relief of negative control by Fts2 facilitates the induction of filamentation by alkaline pH. IMPORTANCE The repressors of filamentation are important negative regulators of the yeast-to-filament transition. However, except in Candida albicans, very few repressors of filamentation are known in dimorphic fungi. More importantly, how they repress filamentation is often not clear. In this paper, we report a novel repressor of filamentation in Y. lipolytica. Fts2 is not closely related in amino acid sequence to CaNrg1 and Rfg1, two major repressors of filamentation in C. albicans, yet it represses gene expression via the transcriptional corepressor Tup1-Ssn6, similar to CaNrg1 and Rfg1. Using transcriptome sequencing, we determined the whole set of genes regulated by Fts2 and identified the major targets of Fts2 repression, which provide clues to the mechanism by which Fts2 represses filamentation. Our results have important implications for understanding the negative control of the yeast-to-filament transition in dimorphic fungi.