Cargando…

Bupivacaine as a euthanasia agent for African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)

Immersion in tricaine methanesulfonate (i.e. TMS) has been used for euthanasia of Xenopus laevis (African Clawed frogs). However, the time for preparation and potential human health hazards may pose as a barrier for large group culls. Here, we aimed to investigate whether immersion in bupivacaine is...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Navarro, Kaela, Jampachaisri, Katechan, Chu, David, Pacharinsak, Cholawat
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9770357/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36542627
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279331
_version_ 1784854578675580928
author Navarro, Kaela
Jampachaisri, Katechan
Chu, David
Pacharinsak, Cholawat
author_facet Navarro, Kaela
Jampachaisri, Katechan
Chu, David
Pacharinsak, Cholawat
author_sort Navarro, Kaela
collection PubMed
description Immersion in tricaine methanesulfonate (i.e. TMS) has been used for euthanasia of Xenopus laevis (African Clawed frogs). However, the time for preparation and potential human health hazards may pose as a barrier for large group culls. Here, we aimed to investigate whether immersion in bupivacaine is an effective means to euthanize this species. In experiment one, frogs (n = 10/group) were randomly assigned to 1-h immersion in 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) TMS-5 (MS-222, 5g/L); 2) TMS-10 (MS-222, 10 g/L); or 3) Bupi-1.5 (0.5% Bupivacaine, 1.5 g/L). Frogs were then removed from solutions, rinsed with system water, and placed into a recovery cage. Heart rate was evaluated audibly via doppler ultrasound flow over 1 min at immediate removal (T1h), at 2 (T2h), and 3 (T3h) h in the recovery cage. In experiment two, frogs (n = 7/group) underwent 5-h & 19-h immersion in either TMS-5 or Bupi-1.5, with heart rate assessment at 5 and 19 hrs. Righting reflex and withdrawal reflex of the hindlimb were tested during the experiments. Experiment one—after the 1-h immersion, Bupi-1.5 treated animals had decreased heart rates compared to TMS-5 and TMS-10 treated animals by T2h. Neither TMS-5, TMS-10, nor Bupi-1.5 ceased heart rate after the 1-h immersion. Experiment two—after the 5-h immersion, Bupi-1.5 and TMS-5 treated animals were comparable in heart rates. 43% of TMS-5 animals and 14% of the Bupi-1.5 animals had completely ceased heart rates at T5h. At 19 h all remaining animals exhibited rigor mortis and had ceased heart rate. We recommend 19-h of immersion using either TMS-5 or Bupi-1.5 for cessation of heart rate in African Clawed frogs. These data are strong support for the use of secondary physical methods for euthanasia in African Clawed frogs when euthanasia by immersion is performed.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-9770357
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher Public Library of Science
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-97703572022-12-22 Bupivacaine as a euthanasia agent for African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis) Navarro, Kaela Jampachaisri, Katechan Chu, David Pacharinsak, Cholawat PLoS One Research Article Immersion in tricaine methanesulfonate (i.e. TMS) has been used for euthanasia of Xenopus laevis (African Clawed frogs). However, the time for preparation and potential human health hazards may pose as a barrier for large group culls. Here, we aimed to investigate whether immersion in bupivacaine is an effective means to euthanize this species. In experiment one, frogs (n = 10/group) were randomly assigned to 1-h immersion in 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) TMS-5 (MS-222, 5g/L); 2) TMS-10 (MS-222, 10 g/L); or 3) Bupi-1.5 (0.5% Bupivacaine, 1.5 g/L). Frogs were then removed from solutions, rinsed with system water, and placed into a recovery cage. Heart rate was evaluated audibly via doppler ultrasound flow over 1 min at immediate removal (T1h), at 2 (T2h), and 3 (T3h) h in the recovery cage. In experiment two, frogs (n = 7/group) underwent 5-h & 19-h immersion in either TMS-5 or Bupi-1.5, with heart rate assessment at 5 and 19 hrs. Righting reflex and withdrawal reflex of the hindlimb were tested during the experiments. Experiment one—after the 1-h immersion, Bupi-1.5 treated animals had decreased heart rates compared to TMS-5 and TMS-10 treated animals by T2h. Neither TMS-5, TMS-10, nor Bupi-1.5 ceased heart rate after the 1-h immersion. Experiment two—after the 5-h immersion, Bupi-1.5 and TMS-5 treated animals were comparable in heart rates. 43% of TMS-5 animals and 14% of the Bupi-1.5 animals had completely ceased heart rates at T5h. At 19 h all remaining animals exhibited rigor mortis and had ceased heart rate. We recommend 19-h of immersion using either TMS-5 or Bupi-1.5 for cessation of heart rate in African Clawed frogs. These data are strong support for the use of secondary physical methods for euthanasia in African Clawed frogs when euthanasia by immersion is performed. Public Library of Science 2022-12-21 /pmc/articles/PMC9770357/ /pubmed/36542627 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279331 Text en © 2022 Navarro et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Navarro, Kaela
Jampachaisri, Katechan
Chu, David
Pacharinsak, Cholawat
Bupivacaine as a euthanasia agent for African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)
title Bupivacaine as a euthanasia agent for African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)
title_full Bupivacaine as a euthanasia agent for African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)
title_fullStr Bupivacaine as a euthanasia agent for African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)
title_full_unstemmed Bupivacaine as a euthanasia agent for African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)
title_short Bupivacaine as a euthanasia agent for African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis)
title_sort bupivacaine as a euthanasia agent for african clawed frogs (xenopus laevis)
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9770357/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36542627
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279331
work_keys_str_mv AT navarrokaela bupivacaineasaeuthanasiaagentforafricanclawedfrogsxenopuslaevis
AT jampachaisrikatechan bupivacaineasaeuthanasiaagentforafricanclawedfrogsxenopuslaevis
AT chudavid bupivacaineasaeuthanasiaagentforafricanclawedfrogsxenopuslaevis
AT pacharinsakcholawat bupivacaineasaeuthanasiaagentforafricanclawedfrogsxenopuslaevis