Recent advances and perspectives of CeO(2)-based catalysts: Electronic properties and applications for energy storage and conversion

Cerium dioxide (CeO(2), ceria) has long been regarded as one of the key materials in modern catalysis, both as a support and as a catalyst itself. Apart from its well-established use (three-way catalysts and diesel engines), CeO(2) has been widely used as a cocatalyst/catalyst in energy conversion and storage applications. The importance stems from the oxygen storage capacity of ceria, which allows it to release oxygen under reducing conditions and to store oxygen by filling oxygen vacancies under oxidizing conditions. However, the nature of the Ce active site remains not well understood because the degree of participation of f electrons in catalytic reactions is not clear in the case of the heavy dependence of catalysis theory on localized d orbitals at the Fermi energy E ( F ). This review focuses on the catalytic applications in energy conversion and storage of CeO(2)-based nanostructures and discusses the mechanisms for several typical catalytic reactions from the perspectives of electronic properties of CeO(2)-based nanostructures. Defect engineering is also summarized to better understand the relationship between catalytic performance and electronic properties. Finally, the challenges and prospects of designing high efficiency CeO(2)-based catalysts in energy storage and conversion have been emphasized.