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Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models
BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer poses a great burden on society and its high rate of recurrence and treatment failure necessitates use of appropriate animal models to study its pathogenesis and test novel treatments. Orthotopic models are superior to other types since they provide a normal microenvironme...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9773300/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36451547 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12293 |
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author | Bitaraf, Masoud Muhammadnejad, Samad Azimzadeh, Ashkan Tanourlouee, Saman Behboodi Amini, Erfan Zolbin, Masoumeh Majidi Kajbafzadeh, Abdol‐Mohammad |
author_facet | Bitaraf, Masoud Muhammadnejad, Samad Azimzadeh, Ashkan Tanourlouee, Saman Behboodi Amini, Erfan Zolbin, Masoumeh Majidi Kajbafzadeh, Abdol‐Mohammad |
author_sort | Bitaraf, Masoud |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer poses a great burden on society and its high rate of recurrence and treatment failure necessitates use of appropriate animal models to study its pathogenesis and test novel treatments. Orthotopic models are superior to other types since they provide a normal microenvironment. Four methods are described for developing bladder cancer models inside the animal's bladder. Direct intramural injection is one of these methods and is widely used. However, its efficacy in model development has not yet been studied. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and success rate of the direct intramural injection method of developing an orthotopic model for the study of bladder cancer. METHOD: Tumor cell lines were prepared in four microtubes. Aliquots of 200 × 10(3) cells were injected through a 27 gauge needle into the ventral wall of the bladders of 4 male and 4 female BALB/c mice following a midline 1 cm laparotomy incision. In addition, 1 million cells from each microtube were injected into the flanks of control mice. To prevent infection and alleviate pain, 5 mg/kg enrofloxacin and 2.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine, respectively, were injected subcutaneously. RESULTS: Tumors formed in all mice, resulting in 100% take rate and zero post‐operation mortality. Surgery time was ≤15 min per mouse. In two mice, tumors were found in the peritoneal space as well. CONCLUSION: Direct intramural injection is a rapid, reliable, and reproducible method for developing orthotopic models of bladder cancer. It can be done on both male and female mice and only requires readily available surgical tools. However, needle track can result in cell spillage and peritoneal tumors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9773300 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97733002022-12-23 Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models Bitaraf, Masoud Muhammadnejad, Samad Azimzadeh, Ashkan Tanourlouee, Saman Behboodi Amini, Erfan Zolbin, Masoumeh Majidi Kajbafzadeh, Abdol‐Mohammad Animal Model Exp Med Regular Articles BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer poses a great burden on society and its high rate of recurrence and treatment failure necessitates use of appropriate animal models to study its pathogenesis and test novel treatments. Orthotopic models are superior to other types since they provide a normal microenvironment. Four methods are described for developing bladder cancer models inside the animal's bladder. Direct intramural injection is one of these methods and is widely used. However, its efficacy in model development has not yet been studied. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and success rate of the direct intramural injection method of developing an orthotopic model for the study of bladder cancer. METHOD: Tumor cell lines were prepared in four microtubes. Aliquots of 200 × 10(3) cells were injected through a 27 gauge needle into the ventral wall of the bladders of 4 male and 4 female BALB/c mice following a midline 1 cm laparotomy incision. In addition, 1 million cells from each microtube were injected into the flanks of control mice. To prevent infection and alleviate pain, 5 mg/kg enrofloxacin and 2.5 mg/kg flunixin meglumine, respectively, were injected subcutaneously. RESULTS: Tumors formed in all mice, resulting in 100% take rate and zero post‐operation mortality. Surgery time was ≤15 min per mouse. In two mice, tumors were found in the peritoneal space as well. CONCLUSION: Direct intramural injection is a rapid, reliable, and reproducible method for developing orthotopic models of bladder cancer. It can be done on both male and female mice and only requires readily available surgical tools. However, needle track can result in cell spillage and peritoneal tumors. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2022-11-30 /pmc/articles/PMC9773300/ /pubmed/36451547 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12293 Text en © 2022 The Authors. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Chinese Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. |
spellingShingle | Regular Articles Bitaraf, Masoud Muhammadnejad, Samad Azimzadeh, Ashkan Tanourlouee, Saman Behboodi Amini, Erfan Zolbin, Masoumeh Majidi Kajbafzadeh, Abdol‐Mohammad Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models |
title | Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models |
title_full | Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models |
title_fullStr | Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models |
title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models |
title_short | Evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models |
title_sort | evaluation of direct intramural injection to the bladder wall as a method for developing orthotopic tumor models |
topic | Regular Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9773300/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36451547 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12293 |
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