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Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria

Sulfur is not only one of the most abundant elements on the Earth, but it is also essential to all living organisms. As life likely began and evolved in a hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S)-rich environment, sulfur metabolism represents an early form of energy generation via various reactions in prokaryotes a...

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Autores principales: Han, Sirui, Li, Yingxi, Gao, Haichun
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9774590/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36552695
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122487
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author Han, Sirui
Li, Yingxi
Gao, Haichun
author_facet Han, Sirui
Li, Yingxi
Gao, Haichun
author_sort Han, Sirui
collection PubMed
description Sulfur is not only one of the most abundant elements on the Earth, but it is also essential to all living organisms. As life likely began and evolved in a hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S)-rich environment, sulfur metabolism represents an early form of energy generation via various reactions in prokaryotes and has driven the sulfur biogeochemical cycle since. It has long been known that H(2)S is toxic to cells at high concentrations, but now this gaseous molecule, at the physiological level, is recognized as a signaling molecule and a regulator of critical biological processes. Recently, many metabolites of H(2)S, collectively called reactive sulfur species (RSS), have been gradually appreciated as having similar or divergent regulatory roles compared with H(2)S in living organisms, especially mammals. In prokaryotes, even in bacteria, investigations into generation and physiology of RSS remain preliminary and an understanding of the relevant biological processes is still in its infancy. Despite this, recent and exciting advances in the fields are many. Here, we discuss abiotic and biotic generation of H(2)S/RSS, sulfur-transforming enzymes and their functioning mechanisms, and their physiological roles as well as the sensing and regulation of H(2)S/RSS.
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spelling pubmed-97745902022-12-23 Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria Han, Sirui Li, Yingxi Gao, Haichun Antioxidants (Basel) Review Sulfur is not only one of the most abundant elements on the Earth, but it is also essential to all living organisms. As life likely began and evolved in a hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S)-rich environment, sulfur metabolism represents an early form of energy generation via various reactions in prokaryotes and has driven the sulfur biogeochemical cycle since. It has long been known that H(2)S is toxic to cells at high concentrations, but now this gaseous molecule, at the physiological level, is recognized as a signaling molecule and a regulator of critical biological processes. Recently, many metabolites of H(2)S, collectively called reactive sulfur species (RSS), have been gradually appreciated as having similar or divergent regulatory roles compared with H(2)S in living organisms, especially mammals. In prokaryotes, even in bacteria, investigations into generation and physiology of RSS remain preliminary and an understanding of the relevant biological processes is still in its infancy. Despite this, recent and exciting advances in the fields are many. Here, we discuss abiotic and biotic generation of H(2)S/RSS, sulfur-transforming enzymes and their functioning mechanisms, and their physiological roles as well as the sensing and regulation of H(2)S/RSS. MDPI 2022-12-17 /pmc/articles/PMC9774590/ /pubmed/36552695 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122487 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Han, Sirui
Li, Yingxi
Gao, Haichun
Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria
title Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria
title_full Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria
title_fullStr Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria
title_full_unstemmed Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria
title_short Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria
title_sort generation and physiology of hydrogen sulfide and reactive sulfur species in bacteria
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9774590/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36552695
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122487
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