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Artificial Intelligence-Based Robust Hybrid Algorithm Design and Implementation for Real-Time Detection of Plant Diseases in Agricultural Environments

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Plant disease, defined as an abnormal condition that disrupts the normal growth of the plant, is one of the main causes of economic losses in the agricultural industry. Early diagnosis of plant disease is critical to increasing agricultural crop productivity. In this paper, a new rob...

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Autores principales: Yağ, İlayda, Altan, Aytaç
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9775035/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36552243
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121732
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author Yağ, İlayda
Altan, Aytaç
author_facet Yağ, İlayda
Altan, Aytaç
author_sort Yağ, İlayda
collection PubMed
description SIMPLE SUMMARY: Plant disease, defined as an abnormal condition that disrupts the normal growth of the plant, is one of the main causes of economic losses in the agricultural industry. Early diagnosis of plant disease is critical to increasing agricultural crop productivity. In this paper, a new robust hybrid classification model based on swarm optimization-supported feature selection, including machine learning and deep learning algorithms, that allows real-time classification of diseases in apple, grape, and tomato plants has been developed. In this way, it will be possible to diagnose the plant disease at an early phase and apply the appropriate treatment. ABSTRACT: The early detection and prevention of plant diseases that are an important cause of famine and food insecurity worldwide are very important for increasing agricultural product productivity. Not only the early detection of the plant disease but also the determination of its type play a critical role in determining the appropriate treatment. The fact that visual inspection, which is frequently used in determining plant disease and types, is tiring and prone to human error, necessitated the development of algorithms that can automatically classify plant disease with high accuracy and low computational cost. In this study, a new hybrid plant leaf disease classification model with high accuracy and low computational complexity, consisting of the wrapper approach, including the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and support vector machine (SVM), and a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier, is developed with a wrapper-based feature selection approach using metaheuristic optimization techniques. The features of the image dataset consisting of apple, grape, and tomato plants have been extracted by a two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2D-DWT) using wavelet families such as biorthogonal, Coiflets, Daubechies, Fejer–Korovkin, and symlets. Features that keep classifier performance high for each family are selected by the wrapper approach, consisting of the population-based metaheuristics FPA and SVM. The performance of the proposed optimization algorithm is compared with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Afterwards, the classification performance is obtained by using the lowest number of features that can keep the classification performance high for the CNN classifier. The CNN classifier with a single layer of classification without a feature extraction layer is used to minimize the complexity of the model and to deal with the model hyperparameter problem. The obtained model is embedded in the NVIDIA Jetson Nano developer kit on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and real-time classification tests are performed on apple, grape, and tomato plants. The experimental results obtained show that the proposed model classifies the specified plant leaf diseases in real time with high accuracy. Moreover, it is concluded that the robust hybrid classification model, which is created by selecting the lowest number of features with the optimization algorithm with low computational complexity, can classify plant leaf diseases in real time with precision.
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spelling pubmed-97750352022-12-23 Artificial Intelligence-Based Robust Hybrid Algorithm Design and Implementation for Real-Time Detection of Plant Diseases in Agricultural Environments Yağ, İlayda Altan, Aytaç Biology (Basel) Article SIMPLE SUMMARY: Plant disease, defined as an abnormal condition that disrupts the normal growth of the plant, is one of the main causes of economic losses in the agricultural industry. Early diagnosis of plant disease is critical to increasing agricultural crop productivity. In this paper, a new robust hybrid classification model based on swarm optimization-supported feature selection, including machine learning and deep learning algorithms, that allows real-time classification of diseases in apple, grape, and tomato plants has been developed. In this way, it will be possible to diagnose the plant disease at an early phase and apply the appropriate treatment. ABSTRACT: The early detection and prevention of plant diseases that are an important cause of famine and food insecurity worldwide are very important for increasing agricultural product productivity. Not only the early detection of the plant disease but also the determination of its type play a critical role in determining the appropriate treatment. The fact that visual inspection, which is frequently used in determining plant disease and types, is tiring and prone to human error, necessitated the development of algorithms that can automatically classify plant disease with high accuracy and low computational cost. In this study, a new hybrid plant leaf disease classification model with high accuracy and low computational complexity, consisting of the wrapper approach, including the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and support vector machine (SVM), and a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier, is developed with a wrapper-based feature selection approach using metaheuristic optimization techniques. The features of the image dataset consisting of apple, grape, and tomato plants have been extracted by a two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2D-DWT) using wavelet families such as biorthogonal, Coiflets, Daubechies, Fejer–Korovkin, and symlets. Features that keep classifier performance high for each family are selected by the wrapper approach, consisting of the population-based metaheuristics FPA and SVM. The performance of the proposed optimization algorithm is compared with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Afterwards, the classification performance is obtained by using the lowest number of features that can keep the classification performance high for the CNN classifier. The CNN classifier with a single layer of classification without a feature extraction layer is used to minimize the complexity of the model and to deal with the model hyperparameter problem. The obtained model is embedded in the NVIDIA Jetson Nano developer kit on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and real-time classification tests are performed on apple, grape, and tomato plants. The experimental results obtained show that the proposed model classifies the specified plant leaf diseases in real time with high accuracy. Moreover, it is concluded that the robust hybrid classification model, which is created by selecting the lowest number of features with the optimization algorithm with low computational complexity, can classify plant leaf diseases in real time with precision. MDPI 2022-11-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9775035/ /pubmed/36552243 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121732 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Yağ, İlayda
Altan, Aytaç
Artificial Intelligence-Based Robust Hybrid Algorithm Design and Implementation for Real-Time Detection of Plant Diseases in Agricultural Environments
title Artificial Intelligence-Based Robust Hybrid Algorithm Design and Implementation for Real-Time Detection of Plant Diseases in Agricultural Environments
title_full Artificial Intelligence-Based Robust Hybrid Algorithm Design and Implementation for Real-Time Detection of Plant Diseases in Agricultural Environments
title_fullStr Artificial Intelligence-Based Robust Hybrid Algorithm Design and Implementation for Real-Time Detection of Plant Diseases in Agricultural Environments
title_full_unstemmed Artificial Intelligence-Based Robust Hybrid Algorithm Design and Implementation for Real-Time Detection of Plant Diseases in Agricultural Environments
title_short Artificial Intelligence-Based Robust Hybrid Algorithm Design and Implementation for Real-Time Detection of Plant Diseases in Agricultural Environments
title_sort artificial intelligence-based robust hybrid algorithm design and implementation for real-time detection of plant diseases in agricultural environments
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9775035/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36552243
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121732
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