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The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing
The Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is an immunomodulator used clinically for its ability to modulate the body’s immune function. Macrophages are an important hub of the immune response during wound healing. In this study, we hypothesized that a Nr-CWS could modulate macrophage physiologi...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9777221/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36547069 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb44120408 |
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author | Hu, Kai Xu, Yan Li, Xiaoxiao Du, Pan Lu, Yichi Lyu, Guozhong |
author_facet | Hu, Kai Xu, Yan Li, Xiaoxiao Du, Pan Lu, Yichi Lyu, Guozhong |
author_sort | Hu, Kai |
collection | PubMed |
description | The Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is an immunomodulator used clinically for its ability to modulate the body’s immune function. Macrophages are an important hub of the immune response during wound healing. In this study, we hypothesized that a Nr-CWS could modulate macrophage physiological activities, polarize macrophages toward M2, and promote wound healing. Through in vivo experiments, we made two full-thickness excisional wounds on the backs of mice; one was treated with a Nr-CWS, and the other was treated with saline. We photographed and recorded the wound change every other day. We observed the histopathological examination and collagen deposition using H&E and Masson staining, then analyzed the macrophage surface markers using immunofluorescence. Through in vitro experiments, we studied the effect of the Nr-CWS on RAW264.7 cells through CCK8, transwell, flow cytometry, western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. We found that the Nr-CWS can enhance the proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis of macrophages. In addition, it can promote the recruitment of macrophages on the wound surface, polarize macrophages to M2, and increase the expression of pro-healing cytokines. Ultimately, the Nr-CWS accelerated wound healing. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9777221 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97772212022-12-23 The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing Hu, Kai Xu, Yan Li, Xiaoxiao Du, Pan Lu, Yichi Lyu, Guozhong Curr Issues Mol Biol Article The Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is an immunomodulator used clinically for its ability to modulate the body’s immune function. Macrophages are an important hub of the immune response during wound healing. In this study, we hypothesized that a Nr-CWS could modulate macrophage physiological activities, polarize macrophages toward M2, and promote wound healing. Through in vivo experiments, we made two full-thickness excisional wounds on the backs of mice; one was treated with a Nr-CWS, and the other was treated with saline. We photographed and recorded the wound change every other day. We observed the histopathological examination and collagen deposition using H&E and Masson staining, then analyzed the macrophage surface markers using immunofluorescence. Through in vitro experiments, we studied the effect of the Nr-CWS on RAW264.7 cells through CCK8, transwell, flow cytometry, western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. We found that the Nr-CWS can enhance the proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis of macrophages. In addition, it can promote the recruitment of macrophages on the wound surface, polarize macrophages to M2, and increase the expression of pro-healing cytokines. Ultimately, the Nr-CWS accelerated wound healing. MDPI 2022-11-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9777221/ /pubmed/36547069 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb44120408 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Hu, Kai Xu, Yan Li, Xiaoxiao Du, Pan Lu, Yichi Lyu, Guozhong The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
title | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
title_full | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
title_fullStr | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
title_full_unstemmed | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
title_short | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
title_sort | nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton regulates macrophages and promotes wound healing |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9777221/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36547069 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb44120408 |
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