RNA Epigenetics in Chronic Lung Diseases

Chronic lung diseases are highly prevalent worldwide and cause significant mortality. Lung cancer is the end stage of many chronic lung diseases. RNA epigenetics can dynamically modulate gene expression and decide cell fate. Recently, studies have confirmed that RNA epigenetics plays a crucial role in the developing of chronic lung diseases. Further exploration of the underlying mechanisms of RNA epigenetics in chronic lung diseases, including lung cancer, may lead to a better understanding of the diseases and promote the development of new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. This article reviews basic information on RNA modifications, including N(6) methylation of adenosine (m(6)A), N(1) methylation of adenosine (m(1)A), N(7)-methylguanosine (m(7)G), 5-methylcytosine (m(5)C), 2′O-methylation (2′-O-Me or Nm), pseudouridine (5-ribosyl uracil or Ψ), and adenosine to inosine RNA editing (A-to-I editing). We then show how they relate to different types of lung disease. This paper hopes to summarize the mechanisms of RNA modification in chronic lung disease and finds a new way to develop early diagnosis and treatment of chronic lung disease.