Genomic Diversity and Chromosomal Rearrangements in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis

Chromosomal rearrangements in N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis were studied with the determination of mobile elements and their role in rearrangements. The results of whole-genome sequencing and de novo genome assembly for 50 N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected in Russia were compared with 96 genomes of N. gonorrhoeae and 138 genomes of N. meningitidis from the databases. Rearrangement events with the determination of the coordinates of syntenic blocks were analyzed using the SibeliaZ software v.1.2.5, the minimum number of events that allow one genome to pass into another was calculated using the DCJ–indel model using the UniMoG program v.1.0. Population-level analysis revealed a stronger correlation between changes in the gene order and phylogenetic proximity for N. meningitidis in contrast to N. gonorrhoeae. Mobile elements were identified, including Correa elements; Spencer-Smith elements (in N. gonorrhoeae); Neisserial intergenic mosaic elements; IS elements of IS5, IS30, IS110, IS1595 groups; Nf1–Nf3 prophages; NgoФ1–NgoФ9 prophages; and Mu-like prophages Pnm1, Pnm2, MuMenB (in N. meningitidis). More than 44% of the observed rearrangements most likely occurred with the participation of mobile elements, including prophages. No differences were found between the Russian and global N. gonorrhoeae population both in terms of rearrangement events and in the number of transposable elements in genomes.