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Impact of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension on Right Ventricular Function and on Worsening of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients
Background and Aim: Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (ExPH) predicts clinical outcomes, such as all-cause mortality and cardiovascular (CV) hospitalizations, in patients with dyspnea on effort. We investigated its prognostic significance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-affected patients...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9781486/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36555965 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247349 |
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author | Madonna, Rosalinda Ridolfi, Lorenzo Morganti, Riccardo Biondi, Filippo Fabiani, Silvia Forniti, Arianna Iapoce, Riccardo De Caterina, Raffaele |
author_facet | Madonna, Rosalinda Ridolfi, Lorenzo Morganti, Riccardo Biondi, Filippo Fabiani, Silvia Forniti, Arianna Iapoce, Riccardo De Caterina, Raffaele |
author_sort | Madonna, Rosalinda |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background and Aim: Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (ExPH) predicts clinical outcomes, such as all-cause mortality and cardiovascular (CV) hospitalizations, in patients with dyspnea on effort. We investigated its prognostic significance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-affected patients. Methods: In 52 consecutive HIV patients with either low (n = 47) or intermediate probability (n = 5) of PH at rest, we evaluated—at time 0 and after 2 years—the prognostic determinants of CV risk, according to the 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) Guidelines. Patients were classified with or without ExPH at stress echocardiography (ESE) and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). We then related ExPH at time 0 with clinical worsening (CV risk score increase >20% after 2 years). Results: Right ventricle (RV) systolic function was significantly reduced in patients with ExPH compared to those without ExPH at CPET. This also occurred in patients with intermediate/high probability compared to those with low probability of ExPH at ESE. The former exhibited worse values of TAPSE and FAC (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). A significantly higher proportion of patients with ExPH (CPET) or with intermediate/high probability of ExPH (ESE) had higher sPAP (p < 0.001), mPAP (p = 0.004) and higher TRV (p = 0.006), as well as higher right atrial area (p < 0.001) and indexed right atrial volume (p = 0.004). Total pulmonary vascular resistance (expressed by the ratio between TRV and the velocity-time integral at the level of the right ventricular outflow tract) was higher both in patients with ExPH and in those with intermediate/high probability of ExPH (p < 0.001). Patients with intermediate/high probability of ExPH at ESE showed a trend (p = 0.137) towards clinical worsening compared to those with low probability of ExPH. No patients with low probability of ExPH had a >20% increased CV risk score after 2 years. We found an association between higher NT-proBNP and the presence or intermediate/high probability of ExPH after 2 years (p = 0.048 at CPET, p = 0.033 at ESE). Conclusions: The assessment of ExPH may predict a trend of increasing CV risk score over time. If confirmed at a longer follow-up, ExPH could contribute to better risk stratification in HIV patients. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9781486 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97814862022-12-24 Impact of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension on Right Ventricular Function and on Worsening of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients Madonna, Rosalinda Ridolfi, Lorenzo Morganti, Riccardo Biondi, Filippo Fabiani, Silvia Forniti, Arianna Iapoce, Riccardo De Caterina, Raffaele J Clin Med Article Background and Aim: Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (ExPH) predicts clinical outcomes, such as all-cause mortality and cardiovascular (CV) hospitalizations, in patients with dyspnea on effort. We investigated its prognostic significance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-affected patients. Methods: In 52 consecutive HIV patients with either low (n = 47) or intermediate probability (n = 5) of PH at rest, we evaluated—at time 0 and after 2 years—the prognostic determinants of CV risk, according to the 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) Guidelines. Patients were classified with or without ExPH at stress echocardiography (ESE) and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). We then related ExPH at time 0 with clinical worsening (CV risk score increase >20% after 2 years). Results: Right ventricle (RV) systolic function was significantly reduced in patients with ExPH compared to those without ExPH at CPET. This also occurred in patients with intermediate/high probability compared to those with low probability of ExPH at ESE. The former exhibited worse values of TAPSE and FAC (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). A significantly higher proportion of patients with ExPH (CPET) or with intermediate/high probability of ExPH (ESE) had higher sPAP (p < 0.001), mPAP (p = 0.004) and higher TRV (p = 0.006), as well as higher right atrial area (p < 0.001) and indexed right atrial volume (p = 0.004). Total pulmonary vascular resistance (expressed by the ratio between TRV and the velocity-time integral at the level of the right ventricular outflow tract) was higher both in patients with ExPH and in those with intermediate/high probability of ExPH (p < 0.001). Patients with intermediate/high probability of ExPH at ESE showed a trend (p = 0.137) towards clinical worsening compared to those with low probability of ExPH. No patients with low probability of ExPH had a >20% increased CV risk score after 2 years. We found an association between higher NT-proBNP and the presence or intermediate/high probability of ExPH after 2 years (p = 0.048 at CPET, p = 0.033 at ESE). Conclusions: The assessment of ExPH may predict a trend of increasing CV risk score over time. If confirmed at a longer follow-up, ExPH could contribute to better risk stratification in HIV patients. MDPI 2022-12-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9781486/ /pubmed/36555965 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247349 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Madonna, Rosalinda Ridolfi, Lorenzo Morganti, Riccardo Biondi, Filippo Fabiani, Silvia Forniti, Arianna Iapoce, Riccardo De Caterina, Raffaele Impact of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension on Right Ventricular Function and on Worsening of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients |
title | Impact of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension on Right Ventricular Function and on Worsening of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients |
title_full | Impact of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension on Right Ventricular Function and on Worsening of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients |
title_fullStr | Impact of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension on Right Ventricular Function and on Worsening of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients |
title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension on Right Ventricular Function and on Worsening of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients |
title_short | Impact of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension on Right Ventricular Function and on Worsening of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Patients |
title_sort | impact of exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension on right ventricular function and on worsening of cardiovascular risk in hiv patients |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9781486/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36555965 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247349 |
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