Grapevine leaf physiology and morphological characteristics to elevated CO(2) in the VineyardFACE (Free air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) experiment

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration has continuously increased since pre-industrial times and has currently reached an average growth rate of 2.3 ppm per year. For the majority of plant species elevated CO(2) (eCO(2)) improves photosynthesis and thus plant biomass production. To investigate the effects of eCO(2) on leaf physiology and morphological leaf characteristics two Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon, grown in the VineyardFACE (Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment) system were used. The VineyardFACE is located at Geisenheim, Rheingau comparing future atmospheric CO(2)-concentrations (eCO(2), predicted for the mid-21st century) with current ambient CO(2)-conditions (aCO(2)). Experiments were operated under rain-fed conditions for two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). For both varieties and CO(2) treatments, leaf gas exchange measurements were performed as well as measures of epidermal flavonoid (Flav) and leaf chlorophyll (Chl) indices by using a portable leaf clip. Furthermore, leaves were sampled for spectrophotometric analysis of the leaf pigments chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and carotenoid (Car). Additionally, leaf cross-sections were produced as permanent preparations to investigate morphological characteristics of the leaf structure. Both cultivars did not differ in leaf chlorophyll meter readings or leaf pigments between the two CO(2) treatments while net assimilation was highly stimulated under elevated CO(2) for both seasons. Differences found in leaf cross-sections were detected in palisade parenchyma and epidermal thickness of Cabernet Sauvignon under eCO(2), whereas Riesling net assimilation increased by 40% under a 20% CO(2) enrichment while remaining unaffected in different leaf layer thickness. The observed results within grapevine leaf tissues provide insights to seasonal adaptation strategies of grapevines under elevated CO(2) concentrations predicted in future.