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Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Long COVID: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan
Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the clinical and endocrinological features of sleep disturbance in patients with long COVID. Methods: This study was a single-center retrospective observational study for patients who visited the COVID-19 aftercare outpatient clinic (CAC) esta...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9783729/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36555948 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247332 |
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author | Sunada, Naruhiko Nakano, Yasuhiro Otsuka, Yuki Tokumasu, Kazuki Honda, Hiroyuki Sakurada, Yasue Matsuda, Yui Hasegawa, Toru Omura, Daisuke Ochi, Kanako Hagiya, Hideharu Ueda, Keigo Kataoka, Hitomi Otsuka, Fumio |
author_facet | Sunada, Naruhiko Nakano, Yasuhiro Otsuka, Yuki Tokumasu, Kazuki Honda, Hiroyuki Sakurada, Yasue Matsuda, Yui Hasegawa, Toru Omura, Daisuke Ochi, Kanako Hagiya, Hideharu Ueda, Keigo Kataoka, Hitomi Otsuka, Fumio |
author_sort | Sunada, Naruhiko |
collection | PubMed |
description | Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the clinical and endocrinological features of sleep disturbance in patients with long COVID. Methods: This study was a single-center retrospective observational study for patients who visited the COVID-19 aftercare outpatient clinic (CAC) established in Okayama University Hospital in Japan during the period from 15 February 2021 to 29 July 2022. The long COVID patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of sleep disturbance, and the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were analyzed. Results: Out of 363 patients with long COVID, after excluding 6 patients, 60 patients (16.5%) (55% males, median age of 38 years) complaining of sleep disturbance were compared with 303 patients (83.5%) (43% males, median age of 40 years) without sleep-related symptoms. Although there were no significant differences in clinical backgrounds and severities of COVID-19 between the two groups by the multivariate analysis, the percentage of long COVID patients with sleep disturbance was significantly increased among patients infected in the Omicron-dominant phase. In addition, the prevalence rate of sleep disturbance in patients when infected in the Omicron phase (24.8%) was two-times higher than that in patients infected in the Delta phase (12.8%). Of note, the percentages of patients with sleep disturbance who also complained of general fatigue, headache, concentration loss, anxiety, low-grade fever, and brain fog symptoms were higher than the percentages of patients without sleep disturbance who had the same complaints. Among the types of sleep disturbance, the percentage of patients who complained of loss of sleep induction (75%) was much higher than the percentage of patients with early-awakening sleep disturbance (6.7%), and many of the patients with mid-awakening types of insomnia had brain fog symptoms. Endocrine examinations revealed that long COVID patients with sleep disturbance had significantly higher levels of plasma adrenocorticotropin and lower levels of serum growth hormone, suggesting the presence of hypothalamic–pituitary stress. Conclusion: The prevalence of sleep disturbance has been increasing in long COVID patients infected in the Omicron phase with a certain clinical and endocrine trend. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9783729 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97837292022-12-24 Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Long COVID: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan Sunada, Naruhiko Nakano, Yasuhiro Otsuka, Yuki Tokumasu, Kazuki Honda, Hiroyuki Sakurada, Yasue Matsuda, Yui Hasegawa, Toru Omura, Daisuke Ochi, Kanako Hagiya, Hideharu Ueda, Keigo Kataoka, Hitomi Otsuka, Fumio J Clin Med Article Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the clinical and endocrinological features of sleep disturbance in patients with long COVID. Methods: This study was a single-center retrospective observational study for patients who visited the COVID-19 aftercare outpatient clinic (CAC) established in Okayama University Hospital in Japan during the period from 15 February 2021 to 29 July 2022. The long COVID patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of sleep disturbance, and the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were analyzed. Results: Out of 363 patients with long COVID, after excluding 6 patients, 60 patients (16.5%) (55% males, median age of 38 years) complaining of sleep disturbance were compared with 303 patients (83.5%) (43% males, median age of 40 years) without sleep-related symptoms. Although there were no significant differences in clinical backgrounds and severities of COVID-19 between the two groups by the multivariate analysis, the percentage of long COVID patients with sleep disturbance was significantly increased among patients infected in the Omicron-dominant phase. In addition, the prevalence rate of sleep disturbance in patients when infected in the Omicron phase (24.8%) was two-times higher than that in patients infected in the Delta phase (12.8%). Of note, the percentages of patients with sleep disturbance who also complained of general fatigue, headache, concentration loss, anxiety, low-grade fever, and brain fog symptoms were higher than the percentages of patients without sleep disturbance who had the same complaints. Among the types of sleep disturbance, the percentage of patients who complained of loss of sleep induction (75%) was much higher than the percentage of patients with early-awakening sleep disturbance (6.7%), and many of the patients with mid-awakening types of insomnia had brain fog symptoms. Endocrine examinations revealed that long COVID patients with sleep disturbance had significantly higher levels of plasma adrenocorticotropin and lower levels of serum growth hormone, suggesting the presence of hypothalamic–pituitary stress. Conclusion: The prevalence of sleep disturbance has been increasing in long COVID patients infected in the Omicron phase with a certain clinical and endocrine trend. MDPI 2022-12-09 /pmc/articles/PMC9783729/ /pubmed/36555948 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247332 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Sunada, Naruhiko Nakano, Yasuhiro Otsuka, Yuki Tokumasu, Kazuki Honda, Hiroyuki Sakurada, Yasue Matsuda, Yui Hasegawa, Toru Omura, Daisuke Ochi, Kanako Hagiya, Hideharu Ueda, Keigo Kataoka, Hitomi Otsuka, Fumio Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Long COVID: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan |
title | Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Long COVID: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan |
title_full | Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Long COVID: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan |
title_fullStr | Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Long COVID: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan |
title_full_unstemmed | Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Long COVID: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan |
title_short | Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Long COVID: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan |
title_sort | characteristics of sleep disturbance in patients with long covid: a retrospective observational study in japan |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9783729/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36555948 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247332 |
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