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Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination

Two-photon imaging (TPI) microscopy, namely, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and second-harmonic generation (SHG) modalities, has emerged in the past years as a powerful tool for the examination of biological tissues. These modalities rely on different c...

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Autores principales: Batista, Ana, Guimarães, Pedro, Domingues, José Paulo, Quadrado, Maria João, Morgado, António Miguel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9783858/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36560071
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249699
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author Batista, Ana
Guimarães, Pedro
Domingues, José Paulo
Quadrado, Maria João
Morgado, António Miguel
author_facet Batista, Ana
Guimarães, Pedro
Domingues, José Paulo
Quadrado, Maria João
Morgado, António Miguel
author_sort Batista, Ana
collection PubMed
description Two-photon imaging (TPI) microscopy, namely, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and second-harmonic generation (SHG) modalities, has emerged in the past years as a powerful tool for the examination of biological tissues. These modalities rely on different contrast mechanisms and are often used simultaneously to provide complementary information on morphology, metabolism, and structural properties of the imaged tissue. The cornea, being a transparent tissue, rich in collagen and with several cellular layers, is well-suited to be imaged by TPI microscopy. In this review, we discuss the physical principles behind TPI as well as its instrumentation. We also provide an overview of the current advances in TPI instrumentation and image analysis. We describe how TPI can be leveraged to retrieve unique information on the cornea and to complement the information provided by current clinical devices. The present state of corneal TPI is outlined. Finally, we discuss the obstacles that must be overcome and offer perspectives and outlooks to make clinical TPI of the human cornea a reality.
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spelling pubmed-97838582022-12-24 Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination Batista, Ana Guimarães, Pedro Domingues, José Paulo Quadrado, Maria João Morgado, António Miguel Sensors (Basel) Review Two-photon imaging (TPI) microscopy, namely, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and second-harmonic generation (SHG) modalities, has emerged in the past years as a powerful tool for the examination of biological tissues. These modalities rely on different contrast mechanisms and are often used simultaneously to provide complementary information on morphology, metabolism, and structural properties of the imaged tissue. The cornea, being a transparent tissue, rich in collagen and with several cellular layers, is well-suited to be imaged by TPI microscopy. In this review, we discuss the physical principles behind TPI as well as its instrumentation. We also provide an overview of the current advances in TPI instrumentation and image analysis. We describe how TPI can be leveraged to retrieve unique information on the cornea and to complement the information provided by current clinical devices. The present state of corneal TPI is outlined. Finally, we discuss the obstacles that must be overcome and offer perspectives and outlooks to make clinical TPI of the human cornea a reality. MDPI 2022-12-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9783858/ /pubmed/36560071 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249699 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Batista, Ana
Guimarães, Pedro
Domingues, José Paulo
Quadrado, Maria João
Morgado, António Miguel
Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination
title Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination
title_full Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination
title_fullStr Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination
title_full_unstemmed Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination
title_short Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination
title_sort two-photon imaging for non-invasive corneal examination
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9783858/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36560071
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249699
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