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Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination
Two-photon imaging (TPI) microscopy, namely, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and second-harmonic generation (SHG) modalities, has emerged in the past years as a powerful tool for the examination of biological tissues. These modalities rely on different c...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9783858/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36560071 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249699 |
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author | Batista, Ana Guimarães, Pedro Domingues, José Paulo Quadrado, Maria João Morgado, António Miguel |
author_facet | Batista, Ana Guimarães, Pedro Domingues, José Paulo Quadrado, Maria João Morgado, António Miguel |
author_sort | Batista, Ana |
collection | PubMed |
description | Two-photon imaging (TPI) microscopy, namely, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and second-harmonic generation (SHG) modalities, has emerged in the past years as a powerful tool for the examination of biological tissues. These modalities rely on different contrast mechanisms and are often used simultaneously to provide complementary information on morphology, metabolism, and structural properties of the imaged tissue. The cornea, being a transparent tissue, rich in collagen and with several cellular layers, is well-suited to be imaged by TPI microscopy. In this review, we discuss the physical principles behind TPI as well as its instrumentation. We also provide an overview of the current advances in TPI instrumentation and image analysis. We describe how TPI can be leveraged to retrieve unique information on the cornea and to complement the information provided by current clinical devices. The present state of corneal TPI is outlined. Finally, we discuss the obstacles that must be overcome and offer perspectives and outlooks to make clinical TPI of the human cornea a reality. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9783858 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97838582022-12-24 Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination Batista, Ana Guimarães, Pedro Domingues, José Paulo Quadrado, Maria João Morgado, António Miguel Sensors (Basel) Review Two-photon imaging (TPI) microscopy, namely, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and second-harmonic generation (SHG) modalities, has emerged in the past years as a powerful tool for the examination of biological tissues. These modalities rely on different contrast mechanisms and are often used simultaneously to provide complementary information on morphology, metabolism, and structural properties of the imaged tissue. The cornea, being a transparent tissue, rich in collagen and with several cellular layers, is well-suited to be imaged by TPI microscopy. In this review, we discuss the physical principles behind TPI as well as its instrumentation. We also provide an overview of the current advances in TPI instrumentation and image analysis. We describe how TPI can be leveraged to retrieve unique information on the cornea and to complement the information provided by current clinical devices. The present state of corneal TPI is outlined. Finally, we discuss the obstacles that must be overcome and offer perspectives and outlooks to make clinical TPI of the human cornea a reality. MDPI 2022-12-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9783858/ /pubmed/36560071 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249699 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Batista, Ana Guimarães, Pedro Domingues, José Paulo Quadrado, Maria João Morgado, António Miguel Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination |
title | Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination |
title_full | Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination |
title_fullStr | Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination |
title_full_unstemmed | Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination |
title_short | Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination |
title_sort | two-photon imaging for non-invasive corneal examination |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9783858/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36560071 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249699 |
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