Ultrasonic Diagnosis and Management of Posthemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation in Premature Infants: A Narrative Review

The survival rate of preterm infants is increasing as a result of technological advances. The incidence of intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) in preterm infants ranges from 25% to 30%, of which 30% to 50% are severe IVH (Volpe III-IV, Volpe III is defined as intraventricular bleeding occupying more than 50% of the ventricular width and acute lateral ventricle dilatation, Volpe IV is defined as intraventricular hemorrhage combined with venous infarction) and probably lead to posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD). Severe IVH and subsequent PHVD have become the leading causes of brain injury and neurodevelopmental dysplasia in preterm infants. This review aims to review the literature on the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for PHVD and provide some recommendations for management to improve the neurological outcomes.