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The RAAS Axis and SARS-CoV-2: From Oral to Systemic Manifestations

One of the essential regulators of arterial blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) seems to be one of the most complex mechanisms in the human body. Since the discovery of its key components and their actions, new substances and functions are still being unraveled. The main...

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Autores principales: Maranduca, Minela Aida, Vamesu, Calin George, Tanase, Daniela Maria, Clim, Andreea, Drochioi, Ilie Cristian, Pinzariu, Alin Constantin, Filip, Nina, Dima, Nicoleta, Tudorancea, Ionut, Serban, Dragomir Nicolae, Serban, Ionela Lacramioara
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784172/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36556919
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121717
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author Maranduca, Minela Aida
Vamesu, Calin George
Tanase, Daniela Maria
Clim, Andreea
Drochioi, Ilie Cristian
Pinzariu, Alin Constantin
Filip, Nina
Dima, Nicoleta
Tudorancea, Ionut
Serban, Dragomir Nicolae
Serban, Ionela Lacramioara
author_facet Maranduca, Minela Aida
Vamesu, Calin George
Tanase, Daniela Maria
Clim, Andreea
Drochioi, Ilie Cristian
Pinzariu, Alin Constantin
Filip, Nina
Dima, Nicoleta
Tudorancea, Ionut
Serban, Dragomir Nicolae
Serban, Ionela Lacramioara
author_sort Maranduca, Minela Aida
collection PubMed
description One of the essential regulators of arterial blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) seems to be one of the most complex mechanisms in the human body. Since the discovery of its key components and their actions, new substances and functions are still being unraveled. The main pathway begins with the secretion of renin in the kidney and culminates with the synthesis of angiotensin II (Ang II)—a strong vasoconstrictor—thanks to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Research conducted in 2000 identified another enzyme, named ACE2, that converts Ang II into Ang-(1–7), a heptapeptide with opposing effects to those of Ang II: vasodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. This particular enzyme became of paramount importance during the last two decades, as a result of the confrontation of the human race with life-threatening epidemics. Multiple studies have been performed in order to uncover the link between ACE2 and human coronaviruses, the results of which we systemized in order to create an overview of the pathogenic mechanism. Human coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, attach to ACE2 via their spike proteins (S), causing the destruction of the enzyme. Because ACE2 limits the production of Ang II (by converting it into Ang-(1–7)), its destruction leads to a dysregulated inflammatory response. The purpose of this review is to decipher the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the multiorgan complications (oral, cardiac, pulmonary, systemic) that appear as a result of the interaction of the SARS CoV-2 virus with the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2.
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spelling pubmed-97841722022-12-24 The RAAS Axis and SARS-CoV-2: From Oral to Systemic Manifestations Maranduca, Minela Aida Vamesu, Calin George Tanase, Daniela Maria Clim, Andreea Drochioi, Ilie Cristian Pinzariu, Alin Constantin Filip, Nina Dima, Nicoleta Tudorancea, Ionut Serban, Dragomir Nicolae Serban, Ionela Lacramioara Medicina (Kaunas) Review One of the essential regulators of arterial blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) seems to be one of the most complex mechanisms in the human body. Since the discovery of its key components and their actions, new substances and functions are still being unraveled. The main pathway begins with the secretion of renin in the kidney and culminates with the synthesis of angiotensin II (Ang II)—a strong vasoconstrictor—thanks to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Research conducted in 2000 identified another enzyme, named ACE2, that converts Ang II into Ang-(1–7), a heptapeptide with opposing effects to those of Ang II: vasodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. This particular enzyme became of paramount importance during the last two decades, as a result of the confrontation of the human race with life-threatening epidemics. Multiple studies have been performed in order to uncover the link between ACE2 and human coronaviruses, the results of which we systemized in order to create an overview of the pathogenic mechanism. Human coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, attach to ACE2 via their spike proteins (S), causing the destruction of the enzyme. Because ACE2 limits the production of Ang II (by converting it into Ang-(1–7)), its destruction leads to a dysregulated inflammatory response. The purpose of this review is to decipher the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the multiorgan complications (oral, cardiac, pulmonary, systemic) that appear as a result of the interaction of the SARS CoV-2 virus with the angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2. MDPI 2022-11-24 /pmc/articles/PMC9784172/ /pubmed/36556919 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121717 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Maranduca, Minela Aida
Vamesu, Calin George
Tanase, Daniela Maria
Clim, Andreea
Drochioi, Ilie Cristian
Pinzariu, Alin Constantin
Filip, Nina
Dima, Nicoleta
Tudorancea, Ionut
Serban, Dragomir Nicolae
Serban, Ionela Lacramioara
The RAAS Axis and SARS-CoV-2: From Oral to Systemic Manifestations
title The RAAS Axis and SARS-CoV-2: From Oral to Systemic Manifestations
title_full The RAAS Axis and SARS-CoV-2: From Oral to Systemic Manifestations
title_fullStr The RAAS Axis and SARS-CoV-2: From Oral to Systemic Manifestations
title_full_unstemmed The RAAS Axis and SARS-CoV-2: From Oral to Systemic Manifestations
title_short The RAAS Axis and SARS-CoV-2: From Oral to Systemic Manifestations
title_sort raas axis and sars-cov-2: from oral to systemic manifestations
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784172/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36556919
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121717
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