Daily Changes in Channel Occupancy in the 868 MHz ISM Band

Due to the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) systems operating in industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency bands, many researchers have attempted to determine the amount of interference that can be expected in such systems. The basic information required for this purpose is the current occupancy of frequency channels in various geographical locations. It is known that the occupancy measurement must last long enough to allow for the detection of low duty cycle transmissions. In this paper, it is shown that fulfilling only this criterion may lead to unreliable results being obtained. In two measurement campaigns performed in two different locations, the occupancy of a selected sub-band in the 868 MHz ISM band was determined on the basis of two hour-long observations repeated several times a day. During a typical day, the ratio of the maximum and the minimum result depended on the location and reached a value of eight; however, on one day, a period of abnormally high channel usage reaching 65% was observed in the location in which typical values did not exceed 1%.