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Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi?
Fungal diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and Cryptococcus are opportunistic fungi and may cause severe lung disease. They can develop mechanisms to evade the host immune system and coloniz...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784761/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36559201 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122707 |
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author | de Carvalho Patricio, Beatriz Ferreira da Silva Lopes Pereira, Juliana Oliveira Sarcinelli, Michelle Alvares de Moraes, Bianca Portugal Tavares Rocha, Helvécio Vinicius Antunes Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque, Cassiano Felippe |
author_facet | de Carvalho Patricio, Beatriz Ferreira da Silva Lopes Pereira, Juliana Oliveira Sarcinelli, Michelle Alvares de Moraes, Bianca Portugal Tavares Rocha, Helvécio Vinicius Antunes Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque, Cassiano Felippe |
author_sort | de Carvalho Patricio, Beatriz Ferreira |
collection | PubMed |
description | Fungal diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and Cryptococcus are opportunistic fungi and may cause severe lung disease. They can develop mechanisms to evade the host immune system and colonize or cause lung disease. Current fungal infection treatments constitute a few classes of antifungal drugs with significant fungi resistance development. Amphotericin B (AmB) has a broad-spectrum antifungal effect with a low incidence of resistance. However, AmB is a highly lipophilic antifungal with low solubility and permeability and is unstable in light, heat, and oxygen. Due to the difficulty of achieving adequate concentrations of AmB in the lung by intravenous administration and seeking to minimize adverse effects, nebulized AmB has been used. The pulmonary pathway has advantages such as its rapid onset of action, low metabolic activity at the site of action, ability to avoid first-pass hepatic metabolism, lower risk of adverse effects, and thin thickness of the alveolar epithelium. This paper presented different strategies for pulmonary AmB delivery, detailing the potential of nanoformulation and hoping to foster research in the field. Our finds indicate that despite an optimistic scenario for the pulmonary formulation of AmB based on the encouraging results discussed here, there is still no product registration on the FDA nor any clinical trial undergoing ClinicalTrial.gov. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9784761 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97847612022-12-24 Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi? de Carvalho Patricio, Beatriz Ferreira da Silva Lopes Pereira, Juliana Oliveira Sarcinelli, Michelle Alvares de Moraes, Bianca Portugal Tavares Rocha, Helvécio Vinicius Antunes Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque, Cassiano Felippe Pharmaceutics Review Fungal diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and Cryptococcus are opportunistic fungi and may cause severe lung disease. They can develop mechanisms to evade the host immune system and colonize or cause lung disease. Current fungal infection treatments constitute a few classes of antifungal drugs with significant fungi resistance development. Amphotericin B (AmB) has a broad-spectrum antifungal effect with a low incidence of resistance. However, AmB is a highly lipophilic antifungal with low solubility and permeability and is unstable in light, heat, and oxygen. Due to the difficulty of achieving adequate concentrations of AmB in the lung by intravenous administration and seeking to minimize adverse effects, nebulized AmB has been used. The pulmonary pathway has advantages such as its rapid onset of action, low metabolic activity at the site of action, ability to avoid first-pass hepatic metabolism, lower risk of adverse effects, and thin thickness of the alveolar epithelium. This paper presented different strategies for pulmonary AmB delivery, detailing the potential of nanoformulation and hoping to foster research in the field. Our finds indicate that despite an optimistic scenario for the pulmonary formulation of AmB based on the encouraging results discussed here, there is still no product registration on the FDA nor any clinical trial undergoing ClinicalTrial.gov. MDPI 2022-12-03 /pmc/articles/PMC9784761/ /pubmed/36559201 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122707 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review de Carvalho Patricio, Beatriz Ferreira da Silva Lopes Pereira, Juliana Oliveira Sarcinelli, Michelle Alvares de Moraes, Bianca Portugal Tavares Rocha, Helvécio Vinicius Antunes Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque, Cassiano Felippe Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi? |
title | Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi? |
title_full | Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi? |
title_fullStr | Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi? |
title_full_unstemmed | Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi? |
title_short | Could the Lung Be a Gateway for Amphotericin B to Attack the Army of Fungi? |
title_sort | could the lung be a gateway for amphotericin b to attack the army of fungi? |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9784761/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36559201 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122707 |
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