Impact of fertility versus mortality control on the demographics of Mastomys natalensis in maize fields

The multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis, is the most common rodent pest species in sub‐Saharan Africa. Currently, rodenticides are the preferred method used to reduce the population of rodent pests, but this method poses direct and indirect risks to humans and other non‐target species. Fertility control is a promising alternative that has been argued to be a more sustainable and humane method for controlling rodent pests. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of fertility control bait EP‐1 (quinestrol (E) and levonorgestrel (P), 10 ppm) and an anticoagulant rodenticide bait (bromadiolone, 50 ppm) on the population dynamics of M. natalensis in maize fields in Zambia during 2 cropping seasons. M. natalensis was the most abundant species in maize fields (77% of total captures). Fertility control reduced the number of juveniles and suppressed population growth of M. natalensis at the end of the 2019–2020 cropping season. The population density initially decreased after rodenticide treatment, but the population rapidly recovered through immigration. None of the treatments influenced maize damage by rodents at germination (F (2,67) = 1.626, P = 0.204). Applying the treatments during the maize seeding time was effective at suppressing population growth at the end of the cropping season than application the month before maize seeding. This research indicates that a single‐dose delivery of EP‐1 and rodenticide have comparable effects on the population dynamics of M. natalensis. These findings are important in developing fertility control protocols for rodent pest populations to reduce maize crop damage and improve yields.