The Mechanism of Important Components in Canine Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Due to increasing global bacterial resistance, there is a growing demand to find alternative treatments to antibiotics. Fecal microbiota transplantation, which involves transplanting fecal material from a donor into a recipient’s gastrointestinal tract, is a possible alternative treatment for some diseases. However, which components are involved in canine fecal microbiota transplantation still need to be determined so that they can be better conserved when preparing fecal material. In this review, we focused on discussing the main components that play important roles in canine fecal microbiota transplantation and further interpreted how these components work. ABSTRACT: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a potential treatment for many intestinal diseases. In dogs, FMT has been shown to have positive regulation effects in treating Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis, acute diarrhea (AD), and acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS). FMT involves transplanting the functional components of a donor’s feces into the gastrointestinal tract of the recipient. The effective components of FMT not only include commensal bacteria, but also include viruses, fungi, bacterial metabolites, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) from the donor feces. By affecting microbiota and regulating host immunity, these components can help the recipient to restore their microbial community, improve their intestinal barrier, and induce anti-inflammation in their intestines, thereby affecting the development of diseases. In addition to the above components, mucin proteins and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) may be functional ingredients in FMT as well. In addition to the abovementioned indications, FMT is also thought to be useful in treating some other diseases in dogs. Consequently, when preparing FMT fecal material, it is important to preserve the functional components involved. Meanwhile, appropriate fecal material delivery methods should be chosen according to the mechanisms these components act by in FMT.