CD44-Receptor Targeted Gold-Doxorubicin Nanocomposite for Pulsatile Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

This study reports the CD44 receptor-targeted gold-doxorubicin nanocomposite ((T)GNC-DOX) for pulsatile chemo-photothermal therapy of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The developed (T)GNC-DOX was nanometric, having a particle size of 71.34 ± 3.66 nm. The doxorubicin was loaded by electrostatic interaction with high entrapment and loading efficiency (>75%). (T)GNC-DOX showed potent photothermal response and reversible photothermal stability following irradiation with 808 nm NIR laser irradiation. Further, (T)GNC-DOX showed laser-responsive and pH-dependent drug release behavior suggesting its suitability for chemo-photothermal therapy, specifically at the tumor microenvironment site. Cellular viability, cellular uptake, ROS generation, and apoptosis assays suggested selective localization of (T)GNC-DOX in cancer cells that showed a significant cytotoxic effect against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Moreover, the developed (T)GNC-DOX showed ferroptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. The event of (T)GNC-DOX-mediated thermal ablation is marked by a significant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis, as affirmed by flow cytometry. NIR-808 laser-responsive photothermal therapy of cancer cells was found to be more effective than without NIR-808 laser-treated cells, suggesting the fundamental role of photothermal ablation. The outcome concludes developed (T)GNC-DOX is a novel and potential tool to mediate laser-guided chemo-photothermal ablation treatment of cancer cells.