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The positive valence system, adaptive behaviour and the origins of reward
Although the hey-day of motivation as an area of study is long past, the issues with which motivational theorists grappled have not grown less important: i.e. the development of deterministic explanations for the particular tuning of the nervous system to specific changes in the internal and externa...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Portland Press Ltd.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9788397/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36373858 http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20220007 |
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author | Burton, Thomas J. Balleine, Bernard W. |
author_facet | Burton, Thomas J. Balleine, Bernard W. |
author_sort | Burton, Thomas J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Although the hey-day of motivation as an area of study is long past, the issues with which motivational theorists grappled have not grown less important: i.e. the development of deterministic explanations for the particular tuning of the nervous system to specific changes in the internal and external environment and the organisation of adaptive behavioural responses to those changes. Here, we briefly elaborate these issues in describing the structure and function of the ‘positive valence system’. We describe the origins of adaptive behaviour in an ascending arousal system, sensitive to peripheral regulatory changes, that modulates and activates various central motivational states. Associations between these motivational states and sensory inputs underlie evaluative conditioning and generate the representation of the ‘unconditioned’ stimuli fundamental to Pavlovian conditioning. As a consequence, associations with these stimuli can generate Pavlovian conditioned responses through the motivational control of stimulus event associations with sensory and affective components of the valence system to elicit conditioned orienting, consummatory and preparatory responses, particularly the affective responses reflecting Pavlovian excitation and inhibition, arousal and reinforcement, the latter used to control the formation of habits. These affective processes also provoke emotional responses, allowing the externalisation of positive valence in hedonic experience to generate the goal or reward values that mediate goal-directed action. Together these processes form the positive valence system, ensure the maintenance of adaptive behaviour and, through the association of sensory events and emotional responses through consummatory experience, provide the origins of reward. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9788397 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Portland Press Ltd. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97883972023-01-06 The positive valence system, adaptive behaviour and the origins of reward Burton, Thomas J. Balleine, Bernard W. Emerg Top Life Sci Review Articles Although the hey-day of motivation as an area of study is long past, the issues with which motivational theorists grappled have not grown less important: i.e. the development of deterministic explanations for the particular tuning of the nervous system to specific changes in the internal and external environment and the organisation of adaptive behavioural responses to those changes. Here, we briefly elaborate these issues in describing the structure and function of the ‘positive valence system’. We describe the origins of adaptive behaviour in an ascending arousal system, sensitive to peripheral regulatory changes, that modulates and activates various central motivational states. Associations between these motivational states and sensory inputs underlie evaluative conditioning and generate the representation of the ‘unconditioned’ stimuli fundamental to Pavlovian conditioning. As a consequence, associations with these stimuli can generate Pavlovian conditioned responses through the motivational control of stimulus event associations with sensory and affective components of the valence system to elicit conditioned orienting, consummatory and preparatory responses, particularly the affective responses reflecting Pavlovian excitation and inhibition, arousal and reinforcement, the latter used to control the formation of habits. These affective processes also provoke emotional responses, allowing the externalisation of positive valence in hedonic experience to generate the goal or reward values that mediate goal-directed action. Together these processes form the positive valence system, ensure the maintenance of adaptive behaviour and, through the association of sensory events and emotional responses through consummatory experience, provide the origins of reward. Portland Press Ltd. 2022-11-14 /pmc/articles/PMC9788397/ /pubmed/36373858 http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20220007 Text en © 2022 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society and the Royal Society of Biology and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Review Articles Burton, Thomas J. Balleine, Bernard W. The positive valence system, adaptive behaviour and the origins of reward |
title | The positive valence system, adaptive behaviour and the origins of reward |
title_full | The positive valence system, adaptive behaviour and the origins of reward |
title_fullStr | The positive valence system, adaptive behaviour and the origins of reward |
title_full_unstemmed | The positive valence system, adaptive behaviour and the origins of reward |
title_short | The positive valence system, adaptive behaviour and the origins of reward |
title_sort | positive valence system, adaptive behaviour and the origins of reward |
topic | Review Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9788397/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36373858 http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20220007 |
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