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Regularity and mechanism of fake crackle noise in an electronic stethoscope
Background: Electronic stethoscopes are widely used for cardiopulmonary auscultation; their audio recordings are used for the intelligent recognition of cardiopulmonary sounds. However, they generate noise similar to a crackle during use, significantly interfering with clinical diagnosis. This paper...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9791113/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36579022 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1079468 |
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author | Ye, Peitao Li, Qiasheng Jian, Wenhua Liu, Shuyi Tan, Lunfang Chen, Wenya Zhang, Dongying Zheng, Jinping |
author_facet | Ye, Peitao Li, Qiasheng Jian, Wenhua Liu, Shuyi Tan, Lunfang Chen, Wenya Zhang, Dongying Zheng, Jinping |
author_sort | Ye, Peitao |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Electronic stethoscopes are widely used for cardiopulmonary auscultation; their audio recordings are used for the intelligent recognition of cardiopulmonary sounds. However, they generate noise similar to a crackle during use, significantly interfering with clinical diagnosis. This paper will discuss the causes, characteristics, and occurrence rules of the fake crackle and establish a reference for improving the reliability of the electronic stethoscope in lung auscultation. Methods: A total of 56 participants with healthy lungs (no underlying pulmonary disease, no recent respiratory symptoms, and no adventitious lung sound, as confirmed by an acoustic stethoscope) were enrolled in this study. A 30-s audio recording was recorded from each of the nine locations of the larynx and lungs of each participant with a 3M Littmann 3200 electronic stethoscope, and the audio was output in diaphragm mode and auscultated by the clinician. The doctor identified the fake crackles and analyzed their frequency spectrum. High-pass and low-pass filters were used to detect the frequency distribution of the fake crackles. Finally, the fake crackle was artificially regenerated to explore its causes. Results: A total of 500 audio recordings were included in the study, with 61 fake crackle audio recordings. Fake crackles were found predominantly in the lower lung. There were significant differences between lower lung and larynx (p < 0.001), lower lung and upper lung (p = 0.005), lower lung and middle lung (p = 0.005), and lower lung and infrascapular region (p = 0.027). Furthermore, more than 90% of fake crackles appeared in the inspiratory phase, similar to fine crackles, significantly interfering with clinical diagnosis. The spectral analysis revealed that the frequency range of fake crackles was approximately 250–1950 Hz. The fake crackle was generated when the diaphragm of the electronic stethoscope left the skin slightly but not completely. Conclusion: Fake crackles are most likely to be heard when using an electronic stethoscope to auscultate bilateral lower lungs, and the frequency of a fake crackle is close to that of a crackle, likely affecting the clinician’s diagnosis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9791113 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97911132022-12-27 Regularity and mechanism of fake crackle noise in an electronic stethoscope Ye, Peitao Li, Qiasheng Jian, Wenhua Liu, Shuyi Tan, Lunfang Chen, Wenya Zhang, Dongying Zheng, Jinping Front Physiol Physiology Background: Electronic stethoscopes are widely used for cardiopulmonary auscultation; their audio recordings are used for the intelligent recognition of cardiopulmonary sounds. However, they generate noise similar to a crackle during use, significantly interfering with clinical diagnosis. This paper will discuss the causes, characteristics, and occurrence rules of the fake crackle and establish a reference for improving the reliability of the electronic stethoscope in lung auscultation. Methods: A total of 56 participants with healthy lungs (no underlying pulmonary disease, no recent respiratory symptoms, and no adventitious lung sound, as confirmed by an acoustic stethoscope) were enrolled in this study. A 30-s audio recording was recorded from each of the nine locations of the larynx and lungs of each participant with a 3M Littmann 3200 electronic stethoscope, and the audio was output in diaphragm mode and auscultated by the clinician. The doctor identified the fake crackles and analyzed their frequency spectrum. High-pass and low-pass filters were used to detect the frequency distribution of the fake crackles. Finally, the fake crackle was artificially regenerated to explore its causes. Results: A total of 500 audio recordings were included in the study, with 61 fake crackle audio recordings. Fake crackles were found predominantly in the lower lung. There were significant differences between lower lung and larynx (p < 0.001), lower lung and upper lung (p = 0.005), lower lung and middle lung (p = 0.005), and lower lung and infrascapular region (p = 0.027). Furthermore, more than 90% of fake crackles appeared in the inspiratory phase, similar to fine crackles, significantly interfering with clinical diagnosis. The spectral analysis revealed that the frequency range of fake crackles was approximately 250–1950 Hz. The fake crackle was generated when the diaphragm of the electronic stethoscope left the skin slightly but not completely. Conclusion: Fake crackles are most likely to be heard when using an electronic stethoscope to auscultate bilateral lower lungs, and the frequency of a fake crackle is close to that of a crackle, likely affecting the clinician’s diagnosis. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-12-12 /pmc/articles/PMC9791113/ /pubmed/36579022 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1079468 Text en Copyright © 2022 Ye, Li, Jian, Liu, Tan, Chen, Zhang and Zheng. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Physiology Ye, Peitao Li, Qiasheng Jian, Wenhua Liu, Shuyi Tan, Lunfang Chen, Wenya Zhang, Dongying Zheng, Jinping Regularity and mechanism of fake crackle noise in an electronic stethoscope |
title | Regularity and mechanism of fake crackle noise in an electronic stethoscope |
title_full | Regularity and mechanism of fake crackle noise in an electronic stethoscope |
title_fullStr | Regularity and mechanism of fake crackle noise in an electronic stethoscope |
title_full_unstemmed | Regularity and mechanism of fake crackle noise in an electronic stethoscope |
title_short | Regularity and mechanism of fake crackle noise in an electronic stethoscope |
title_sort | regularity and mechanism of fake crackle noise in an electronic stethoscope |
topic | Physiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9791113/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36579022 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1079468 |
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