Motion‐robust, blood‐suppressed, reduced‐distortion diffusion MRI of the liver

PURPOSE: To evaluate feasibility and reproducibility of liver diffusion‐weighted (DW) MRI using cardiac‐motion‐robust, blood‐suppressed, reduced‐distortion techniques. METHODS: DW‐MRI data were acquired at 3T in an anatomically accurate liver phantom including controlled pulsatile motion, in eight healthy volunteers and four patients with known or suspected liver metastases. Standard monopolar and motion‐robust (M1‐nulled, and M1‐optimized) DW gradient waveforms were each acquired with single‐shot echo‐planar imaging (ssEPI) and multishot EPI (msEPI). In the motion phantom, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured in the motion‐affected volume. In healthy volunteers, ADC was measured in the left and right liver lobes separately to evaluate ADC reproducibility between the two lobes. Image distortions were quantified using the normalized cross‐correlation coefficient, with an undistorted T2‐weighted reference. RESULTS: In the motion phantom, ADC mean and SD in motion‐affected volumes substantially increased with increasing motion for monopolar waveforms. ADC remained stable in the presence of increasing motion when using motion‐robust waveforms. M1‐optimized waveforms suppressed slow flow signal present with M1‐nulled waveforms. In healthy volunteers, monopolar waveforms generated significantly different ADC measurements between left and right liver lobes ([Formula: see text] , reproducibility coefficients (RPC) = [Formula: see text] mm [Formula: see text] /s for monopolar‐msEPI), while M1‐optimized waveforms showed more reproducible ADC values ([Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] mm [Formula: see text] /s for M1‐optimized‐msEPI). In phantom and healthy volunteer studies, motion‐robust acquisitions with msEPI showed significantly reduced image distortion ([Formula: see text]) compared to ssEPI. Patient scans showed reduction of wormhole artifacts when combining M1‐optimized waveforms with msEPI. CONCLUSION: Synergistic effects of combined M1‐optimized diffusion waveforms and msEPI acquisitions enable reproducible liver DWI with motion robustness, blood signal suppression, and reduced distortion.