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Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review
BACKGROUND: Millions of tons of lead were added to gasoline worldwide beginning in 1922, and leaded gasoline has been a major source of population lead exposure. In 1960s, lead began to be removed from automotive gasoline. Removal was completed in 2021. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether removal of le...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9793664/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36572887 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00936-x |
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author | Angrand, Ruth C. Collins, Geoffrey Landrigan, Philip J. Thomas, Valerie M. |
author_facet | Angrand, Ruth C. Collins, Geoffrey Landrigan, Philip J. Thomas, Valerie M. |
author_sort | Angrand, Ruth C. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Millions of tons of lead were added to gasoline worldwide beginning in 1922, and leaded gasoline has been a major source of population lead exposure. In 1960s, lead began to be removed from automotive gasoline. Removal was completed in 2021. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether removal of lead from automotive gasoline is associated with declines in population mean blood lead levels (BPb). METHODS: We examined published studies that reported population blood leaded levels for two or more years, and we calculated average concentrations of lead in gasoline corresponding to the years and locations of the blood lead level measurements. RESULTS: Removal of lead from gasoline is associated with declines in BPb in all countries examined. In some countries, BPb continues to fall after lead has been eliminated from gasoline. Following elimination of lead from gasoline, BPb less than 1 μg/dL have been observed in several European and North American countries, and BPb less than 3 μg/dL have been documented in several studies from South America. DISCUSSION: There remain many countries for which no multi-year studies of populations BPb have been identified, including all of Central America, high population countries including Pakistan and Indonesia, and major lead producers including Australia and Russia. CONCLUSION: Removal of lead from gasoline has been a public health success. Elimination of lead from gasoline has enabled many countries to achieve population mean BPb levels of 1 μg/dL or lower. These actions have saved lives, increased children’s intelligence and created great economic benefit in countries worldwide. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12940-022-00936-x. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9793664 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-97936642022-12-28 Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review Angrand, Ruth C. Collins, Geoffrey Landrigan, Philip J. Thomas, Valerie M. Environ Health Research BACKGROUND: Millions of tons of lead were added to gasoline worldwide beginning in 1922, and leaded gasoline has been a major source of population lead exposure. In 1960s, lead began to be removed from automotive gasoline. Removal was completed in 2021. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether removal of lead from automotive gasoline is associated with declines in population mean blood lead levels (BPb). METHODS: We examined published studies that reported population blood leaded levels for two or more years, and we calculated average concentrations of lead in gasoline corresponding to the years and locations of the blood lead level measurements. RESULTS: Removal of lead from gasoline is associated with declines in BPb in all countries examined. In some countries, BPb continues to fall after lead has been eliminated from gasoline. Following elimination of lead from gasoline, BPb less than 1 μg/dL have been observed in several European and North American countries, and BPb less than 3 μg/dL have been documented in several studies from South America. DISCUSSION: There remain many countries for which no multi-year studies of populations BPb have been identified, including all of Central America, high population countries including Pakistan and Indonesia, and major lead producers including Australia and Russia. CONCLUSION: Removal of lead from gasoline has been a public health success. Elimination of lead from gasoline has enabled many countries to achieve population mean BPb levels of 1 μg/dL or lower. These actions have saved lives, increased children’s intelligence and created great economic benefit in countries worldwide. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12940-022-00936-x. BioMed Central 2022-12-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9793664/ /pubmed/36572887 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00936-x Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Angrand, Ruth C. Collins, Geoffrey Landrigan, Philip J. Thomas, Valerie M. Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review |
title | Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review |
title_full | Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review |
title_fullStr | Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review |
title_full_unstemmed | Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review |
title_short | Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review |
title_sort | relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9793664/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36572887 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00936-x |
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