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Genome Evolution and Early Introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico

A new variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named Omicron (Pango lineage designation B.1.1.529), was first reported to the World Health Organization by South African health authorities on 24 November 2021. The Omicron variant possesses numerous mutations associated...

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Autores principales: Castelán-Sánchez, Hugo G, Martínez-Castilla, León P, Sganzerla-Martínez, Gustavo, Torres-Flores, Jesús, López-Leal, Gamaliel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9793848/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36582501
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/veac109
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author Castelán-Sánchez, Hugo G
Martínez-Castilla, León P
Sganzerla-Martínez, Gustavo
Torres-Flores, Jesús
López-Leal, Gamaliel
author_facet Castelán-Sánchez, Hugo G
Martínez-Castilla, León P
Sganzerla-Martínez, Gustavo
Torres-Flores, Jesús
López-Leal, Gamaliel
author_sort Castelán-Sánchez, Hugo G
collection PubMed
description A new variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named Omicron (Pango lineage designation B.1.1.529), was first reported to the World Health Organization by South African health authorities on 24 November 2021. The Omicron variant possesses numerous mutations associated with increased transmissibility and immune escape properties. In November 2021, Mexican authorities reported Omicron’s presence in the country. In this study, we infer the first introductory events of Omicron and the impact that human mobility has had on the spread of the virus. We also evaluated the adaptive evolutionary processes in Mexican SARS-CoV-2 genomes during the first month of the circulation of Omicron. We inferred 160 introduction events of Omicron in Mexico since its first detection in South Africa; subsequently, after the first introductions there was an evident increase in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during January. This higher prevalence of the novel variant resulted in a peak of reported cases; on average 6 weeks after, a higher mobility trend was reported. During the peak of cases in the country from January to February 2022, the Omicron BA.1.1 sub-lineage dominated, followed by the BA.1 and BA.15 sub-lineages. Additionally, we identified the presence of diversifying natural selection in the genomes of Omicron and found six non-synonymous mutations in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein, all of them related to evasion of the immune response. In contrast, the other proteins in the genome are highly conserved; however, we identified homoplasic mutations in non-structural proteins, indicating a parallel evolution.
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spelling pubmed-97938482022-12-28 Genome Evolution and Early Introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico Castelán-Sánchez, Hugo G Martínez-Castilla, León P Sganzerla-Martínez, Gustavo Torres-Flores, Jesús López-Leal, Gamaliel Virus Evol Research Article A new variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named Omicron (Pango lineage designation B.1.1.529), was first reported to the World Health Organization by South African health authorities on 24 November 2021. The Omicron variant possesses numerous mutations associated with increased transmissibility and immune escape properties. In November 2021, Mexican authorities reported Omicron’s presence in the country. In this study, we infer the first introductory events of Omicron and the impact that human mobility has had on the spread of the virus. We also evaluated the adaptive evolutionary processes in Mexican SARS-CoV-2 genomes during the first month of the circulation of Omicron. We inferred 160 introduction events of Omicron in Mexico since its first detection in South Africa; subsequently, after the first introductions there was an evident increase in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during January. This higher prevalence of the novel variant resulted in a peak of reported cases; on average 6 weeks after, a higher mobility trend was reported. During the peak of cases in the country from January to February 2022, the Omicron BA.1.1 sub-lineage dominated, followed by the BA.1 and BA.15 sub-lineages. Additionally, we identified the presence of diversifying natural selection in the genomes of Omicron and found six non-synonymous mutations in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein, all of them related to evasion of the immune response. In contrast, the other proteins in the genome are highly conserved; however, we identified homoplasic mutations in non-structural proteins, indicating a parallel evolution. Oxford University Press 2022-12-02 /pmc/articles/PMC9793848/ /pubmed/36582501 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/veac109 Text en © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
spellingShingle Research Article
Castelán-Sánchez, Hugo G
Martínez-Castilla, León P
Sganzerla-Martínez, Gustavo
Torres-Flores, Jesús
López-Leal, Gamaliel
Genome Evolution and Early Introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico
title Genome Evolution and Early Introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico
title_full Genome Evolution and Early Introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico
title_fullStr Genome Evolution and Early Introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico
title_full_unstemmed Genome Evolution and Early Introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico
title_short Genome Evolution and Early Introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico
title_sort genome evolution and early introductions of the sars-cov-2 omicron variant in mexico
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9793848/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36582501
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/veac109
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