The effect of resolvin D1 on bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model

Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is a pro‐resolving lipid mediator of inflammation, endogenously synthesized from omega‐3 docosahexaenoic acid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of RvD1 on bone regeneration using a rat calvarial defect model. Collagen 3D nanopore scaffold (COL) and Pluronic F127 hydrogel (F127) incorporated with RvD1 (RvD1‐COL‐F127 group) or COL and F127 (COL‐F127 group) were implanted in symmetrical calvarial defects. After implantation, RvD1 was administrated subcutaneously every 7 days for 4 weeks. The rats were sacrificed at weeks 1 and 8 post‐implantation. Tissue samples were analyzed by real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and histology at week 1. Radiographical and histological analyses were done at week 8. At week 1, calvarial defects treated with RvD1 exhibited decreased numbers of inflammatory cells and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells, greater numbers of newly formed blood vessels, upregulated gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and alkaline phosphatase, and downregulated gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand, interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α. At week 8, the radiographical results showed that osteoid area fraction of the RvD1‐COL‐F127 group was higher than that of the COL‐F127 group, and histological examination exhibited enhanced osteoid formation and newly formed blood vessels in the RvD1‐COL‐F127 group. In conclusion, this study showed that RvD1 enhanced bone formation and vascularization in rat calvarial defects.