Investigating influencing factors for ICT adoption that changes travel behavior in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia

Mobility and out-of-home activities restrictions from the COVID-19 pandemic have forced people to maximize their in-home activities. Considering the increase in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) adoption during the outbreak, this paper tries to shed light on the factors that influence changing travel behavior. For these purposes, the study uses data collected through an online questionnaire during the outbreak in Indonesia, which was then analyzed using cluster and discriminant analyses. The study found that online adaptation during the outbreak was affected by income level, whereby high-income individuals are associated with high online adaptation. Residential location also influences ICT adaptation during the outbreak. Cities with higher access to the internet and ICT platforms as well as higher income per capita tend to have higher ICT adoption. People with more experience with online platforms or services also record higher online in-home activity adoption during the outbreak. Furthermore, while the lower-income group tends to reduce their travel, the higher-income group still continues to travel to fulfil their household needs during the outbreak, such as in-store shopping. Since the lower-income group and less accessible areas tend to have difficulty in accessing ICT as a substitute for travel, this study recommends that the government and ICT stakeholders ensure equal access to ICT to support physical distancing and to limit mobility in order to flatten the peak of the pandemic.