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Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty
The pubertal development onset is controlled by a network of genes that regulate the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatile release and the subsequent increase of the circulating levels of pituitary gonadotropins that activate the gonadal function. Although the transition from pre-pubertal...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9813382/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36619551 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1019468 |
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author | Faienza, Maria Felicia Urbano, Flavia Moscogiuri, Luigi Antonio Chiarito, Mariangela De Santis, Stefania Giordano, Paola |
author_facet | Faienza, Maria Felicia Urbano, Flavia Moscogiuri, Luigi Antonio Chiarito, Mariangela De Santis, Stefania Giordano, Paola |
author_sort | Faienza, Maria Felicia |
collection | PubMed |
description | The pubertal development onset is controlled by a network of genes that regulate the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatile release and the subsequent increase of the circulating levels of pituitary gonadotropins that activate the gonadal function. Although the transition from pre-pubertal condition to puberty occurs physiologically in a delimited age-range, the inception of pubertal development can be anticipated or delayed due to genetic and epigenetic changes or environmental conditions. Most of the genetic and epigenetic alterations concern genes which encode for kisspeptin, GnRH, LH, FSH and their receptor, which represent crucial factors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Recent data indicate a central role of the epigenome in the regulation of genes in the hypothalamus and pituitary that could mediate the flexibility of pubertal timing. Identification of epigenetically regulated genes, such as Makorin ring finger 3 (MKRN3) and Delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1), respectively responsible for the repression and the activation of pubertal development, provides additional evidence of how epigenetic variations affect pubertal timing. This review aims to investigate genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors responsible for the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9813382 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98133822023-01-06 Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty Faienza, Maria Felicia Urbano, Flavia Moscogiuri, Luigi Antonio Chiarito, Mariangela De Santis, Stefania Giordano, Paola Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Endocrinology The pubertal development onset is controlled by a network of genes that regulate the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatile release and the subsequent increase of the circulating levels of pituitary gonadotropins that activate the gonadal function. Although the transition from pre-pubertal condition to puberty occurs physiologically in a delimited age-range, the inception of pubertal development can be anticipated or delayed due to genetic and epigenetic changes or environmental conditions. Most of the genetic and epigenetic alterations concern genes which encode for kisspeptin, GnRH, LH, FSH and their receptor, which represent crucial factors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Recent data indicate a central role of the epigenome in the regulation of genes in the hypothalamus and pituitary that could mediate the flexibility of pubertal timing. Identification of epigenetically regulated genes, such as Makorin ring finger 3 (MKRN3) and Delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1), respectively responsible for the repression and the activation of pubertal development, provides additional evidence of how epigenetic variations affect pubertal timing. This review aims to investigate genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors responsible for the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-12-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9813382/ /pubmed/36619551 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1019468 Text en Copyright © 2022 Faienza, Urbano, Moscogiuri, Chiarito, De Santis and Giordano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Endocrinology Faienza, Maria Felicia Urbano, Flavia Moscogiuri, Luigi Antonio Chiarito, Mariangela De Santis, Stefania Giordano, Paola Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty |
title | Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty |
title_full | Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty |
title_fullStr | Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty |
title_full_unstemmed | Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty |
title_short | Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty |
title_sort | genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty |
topic | Endocrinology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9813382/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36619551 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1019468 |
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