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Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty

The pubertal development onset is controlled by a network of genes that regulate the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatile release and the subsequent increase of the circulating levels of pituitary gonadotropins that activate the gonadal function. Although the transition from pre-pubertal...

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Autores principales: Faienza, Maria Felicia, Urbano, Flavia, Moscogiuri, Luigi Antonio, Chiarito, Mariangela, De Santis, Stefania, Giordano, Paola
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9813382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36619551
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1019468
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author Faienza, Maria Felicia
Urbano, Flavia
Moscogiuri, Luigi Antonio
Chiarito, Mariangela
De Santis, Stefania
Giordano, Paola
author_facet Faienza, Maria Felicia
Urbano, Flavia
Moscogiuri, Luigi Antonio
Chiarito, Mariangela
De Santis, Stefania
Giordano, Paola
author_sort Faienza, Maria Felicia
collection PubMed
description The pubertal development onset is controlled by a network of genes that regulate the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatile release and the subsequent increase of the circulating levels of pituitary gonadotropins that activate the gonadal function. Although the transition from pre-pubertal condition to puberty occurs physiologically in a delimited age-range, the inception of pubertal development can be anticipated or delayed due to genetic and epigenetic changes or environmental conditions. Most of the genetic and epigenetic alterations concern genes which encode for kisspeptin, GnRH, LH, FSH and their receptor, which represent crucial factors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Recent data indicate a central role of the epigenome in the regulation of genes in the hypothalamus and pituitary that could mediate the flexibility of pubertal timing. Identification of epigenetically regulated genes, such as Makorin ring finger 3 (MKRN3) and Delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1), respectively responsible for the repression and the activation of pubertal development, provides additional evidence of how epigenetic variations affect pubertal timing. This review aims to investigate genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors responsible for the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty.
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spelling pubmed-98133822023-01-06 Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty Faienza, Maria Felicia Urbano, Flavia Moscogiuri, Luigi Antonio Chiarito, Mariangela De Santis, Stefania Giordano, Paola Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Endocrinology The pubertal development onset is controlled by a network of genes that regulate the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatile release and the subsequent increase of the circulating levels of pituitary gonadotropins that activate the gonadal function. Although the transition from pre-pubertal condition to puberty occurs physiologically in a delimited age-range, the inception of pubertal development can be anticipated or delayed due to genetic and epigenetic changes or environmental conditions. Most of the genetic and epigenetic alterations concern genes which encode for kisspeptin, GnRH, LH, FSH and their receptor, which represent crucial factors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Recent data indicate a central role of the epigenome in the regulation of genes in the hypothalamus and pituitary that could mediate the flexibility of pubertal timing. Identification of epigenetically regulated genes, such as Makorin ring finger 3 (MKRN3) and Delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1), respectively responsible for the repression and the activation of pubertal development, provides additional evidence of how epigenetic variations affect pubertal timing. This review aims to investigate genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors responsible for the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-12-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9813382/ /pubmed/36619551 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1019468 Text en Copyright © 2022 Faienza, Urbano, Moscogiuri, Chiarito, De Santis and Giordano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Endocrinology
Faienza, Maria Felicia
Urbano, Flavia
Moscogiuri, Luigi Antonio
Chiarito, Mariangela
De Santis, Stefania
Giordano, Paola
Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty
title Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty
title_full Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty
title_fullStr Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty
title_full_unstemmed Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty
title_short Genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty
title_sort genetic, epigenetic and enviromental influencing factors on the regulation of precocious and delayed puberty
topic Endocrinology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9813382/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36619551
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1019468
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