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Gaze direction as a facial cue of memory retrieval state

Gaze direction is a powerful social cue that indicates the direction of attention and can be used to decode others’ mental states. When an individual looks at an external object, inferring where their attention is focused from their gaze direction is easy. But when people are immersed in memories, t...

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Autores principales: Servais, Anaïs, Hurter, Christophe, Barbeau, Emmanuel J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9813397/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36619020
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1063228
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author Servais, Anaïs
Hurter, Christophe
Barbeau, Emmanuel J.
author_facet Servais, Anaïs
Hurter, Christophe
Barbeau, Emmanuel J.
author_sort Servais, Anaïs
collection PubMed
description Gaze direction is a powerful social cue that indicates the direction of attention and can be used to decode others’ mental states. When an individual looks at an external object, inferring where their attention is focused from their gaze direction is easy. But when people are immersed in memories, their attention is oriented towards their inner world. Is there any specific gaze direction in this situation, and if so, which one? While trying to remember, a common behavior is gaze aversion, which has mostly been reported as an upward-directed gaze. Our primary aim was to evaluate whether gaze direction plays a role in the inference of the orientation of attention—i.e., external vs. internal—in particular, whether an upward direction is considered as an indicator of attention towards the internal world. Our secondary objective was to explore whether different gaze directions are consistently attributed to different types of internal mental states and, more specifically, memory states (autobiographical or semantic memory retrieval, or working memory). Gaze aversion is assumed to play a role in perceptual decoupling, which is supposed to support internal attention. We therefore also tested whether internal attention was associated with high gaze eccentricity because the mismatch between head and eye direction alters visual acuity. We conducted two large-sample (160–163 participants) online experiments. Participants were asked to choose which mental state—among different internal and external attentional states—they would attribute to faces with gazes oriented in different directions. Participants significantly associated internal attention with an upward-averted gaze across experiments, while external attention was mostly associated with a gaze remaining on the horizontal axis. This shows that gaze direction is robustly used by observers to infer others’ mental states. Unexpectedly, internal attentional states were not more associated with gaze eccentricity at high (30°) than low (10°) eccentricity and we found that autobiographical memory retrieval, but not the other memory states, was highly associated with 10° downward gaze. This reveals the possible existence of different types of gaze aversion for different types of memories and opens new perspectives.
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spelling pubmed-98133972023-01-06 Gaze direction as a facial cue of memory retrieval state Servais, Anaïs Hurter, Christophe Barbeau, Emmanuel J. Front Psychol Psychology Gaze direction is a powerful social cue that indicates the direction of attention and can be used to decode others’ mental states. When an individual looks at an external object, inferring where their attention is focused from their gaze direction is easy. But when people are immersed in memories, their attention is oriented towards their inner world. Is there any specific gaze direction in this situation, and if so, which one? While trying to remember, a common behavior is gaze aversion, which has mostly been reported as an upward-directed gaze. Our primary aim was to evaluate whether gaze direction plays a role in the inference of the orientation of attention—i.e., external vs. internal—in particular, whether an upward direction is considered as an indicator of attention towards the internal world. Our secondary objective was to explore whether different gaze directions are consistently attributed to different types of internal mental states and, more specifically, memory states (autobiographical or semantic memory retrieval, or working memory). Gaze aversion is assumed to play a role in perceptual decoupling, which is supposed to support internal attention. We therefore also tested whether internal attention was associated with high gaze eccentricity because the mismatch between head and eye direction alters visual acuity. We conducted two large-sample (160–163 participants) online experiments. Participants were asked to choose which mental state—among different internal and external attentional states—they would attribute to faces with gazes oriented in different directions. Participants significantly associated internal attention with an upward-averted gaze across experiments, while external attention was mostly associated with a gaze remaining on the horizontal axis. This shows that gaze direction is robustly used by observers to infer others’ mental states. Unexpectedly, internal attentional states were not more associated with gaze eccentricity at high (30°) than low (10°) eccentricity and we found that autobiographical memory retrieval, but not the other memory states, was highly associated with 10° downward gaze. This reveals the possible existence of different types of gaze aversion for different types of memories and opens new perspectives. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-12-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9813397/ /pubmed/36619020 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1063228 Text en Copyright © 2022 Servais, Hurter and Barbeau. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Psychology
Servais, Anaïs
Hurter, Christophe
Barbeau, Emmanuel J.
Gaze direction as a facial cue of memory retrieval state
title Gaze direction as a facial cue of memory retrieval state
title_full Gaze direction as a facial cue of memory retrieval state
title_fullStr Gaze direction as a facial cue of memory retrieval state
title_full_unstemmed Gaze direction as a facial cue of memory retrieval state
title_short Gaze direction as a facial cue of memory retrieval state
title_sort gaze direction as a facial cue of memory retrieval state
topic Psychology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9813397/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36619020
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1063228
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