Grayscale ultrasound feature typing of metastatic ovarian tumors, particularly signet-ring cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: To describe grayscale ultrasound (US) features of metastatic ovarian tumors (MOTs) based on origin of the primary tumor in a large sample size study. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional single-center study included 112 patients with 190 histopathologically confirmed MOTs. Among the patients, 102 collectively had 144 masses, which were detected via US. The clinical data and static US images of MOTs were collected. RESULTS: The MOTs were mostly bilateral (78.9%) but had a lower rate of bilaterality when detected by US (55.6%). Breast cancer metastasis had the highest nondetection rate (69.6%), because its focal metastasis could only be recognized using histology or immunohistochemistry. The stomach was the most common origin of metastasis (45.3% and 50.7% detected via pathology and US, respectively). The US images were classified into three subtypes: multilocular solid (Type A), purely solid (Type B), and solid with several round or oval cysts (Type C). The MOTs that originated from the colon mostly belonged to Type A (65.1%) and closely mimicked primary epithelial ovarian tumor morphologically. The MOTs that originated from the stomach predominantly belonged to Types B (31.5%) and C (57.5%). Signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) corresponded to Types B and C regardless of origin. CONCLUSIONS: The developed novel typing method provides more vivid images for classifying MOTs compared with existing typing methods. Given that no specific sonographic parameters have been established to distinguish MOTs from primary invasive ovarian tumors, these images may be helpful in diagnosing these masses.