Body Length and Craniometrics of Non-Native Raccoons in Two Regions in Middle Japan during Early Invasion Stages

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Morphological characteristics related to sex-age class in introduced species during the early invasion stages, before further environmental adaptation, may indicate important information regarding their adaptability. For raccoons introduced to different regions in middle Japan, the results of multiple linear regression on body length showed that males were larger than females and body length increased with age class, while there was no difference between regions. The cranial size, which indicated different allometry in each sex, regressed positively according to increasing age class, body length, and body mass index in both sexes; however, it only differed between regions for females. Therefore, our results supported the hypothesis that older individuals with larger body sizes have an advantage in intrasexual selection and competition for food resources in raccoons. Considering the fact that multiple subspecies are sympatric in North America and the morphometrics of introduced raccoons in Japan were inconsistent with any of them, it is likely that hybridization occurred prior to introduction or naturalization. Further studies are necessary to demonstrate subspecific hybridization and its impact on morphological and ecological changes. ABSTRACT: Although the genetic distribution of introduced raccoons (Procyon lotor) in recent years is well known, few studies have examined their morphometrics, especially the relationships between sex and age in the introduced populations. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of raccoons from parts of eastern and western Japan during their early invasion stages, focusing on the relationships between body length and the principal component of craniometrics, with region, sex, age class, body length, and body mass index using a regression model. The body length increased more in males than females and in the older age class, supporting the association with intrasexual selection and competition for food resources. Positive relationships for body length and body mass index were found in craniometric analyses, particularly regarding cranial size components, in addition to age class for both sexes, while cranial size also differed between regions for females. The relationship between body length and craniometrics was inconsistent with that of subspecies originating in North America. Given the sympatric distribution of haplotypes of multiple subspecies without reproductive-isolating barriers in North America and in several introduced areas, hybridization must have occurred prior to the introduction or naturalization of this species.